CBSE Class 12 2025 Geography 64-7-3 Question paper Set-3:Download Solutions with Answer Key

Tertiary activities involve providing services rather than producing goods.

Statement I is correct — all types of services are part of tertiary activities.
Statement II is correct — trade, trCorrect Answerport, and communication are key components of tertiary sector.
Statement III is incorrect — the trCorrect Answerformation of raw material into finished goods is a secondary sector activity (manufacturing).
Statement IV is correct — teachers, lawyers, and traders provide services, and hence belong to the tertiary sector. Quick Tip: Tertiary activities focus on service provision including trade, trCorrect Answerport, communication, education, and legal services, but do not involve manufacturing.

N/A

The economy is divided into various sectors based on the nature of activities:


Primary sector: Involves extraction of natural resources like farming, fishing, and mining.
Secondary sector: Involves manufacturing and processing raw materials into finished goods. This sector includes industries, factories, and construction.
Tertiary sector: Provides services such as trade, trCorrect Answerport, education, and healthcare.
Quaternary sector: Involves knowledge-based services like research, information technology, and education.


Since converting raw materials into finished products is manufacturing, it falls under the secondary sector. Quick Tip: Secondary sector includes all industrial activities that trCorrect Answerform raw materials into finished goods.

Free trade refers to the removal or reduction of trade barriers such as tariffs and quotas, allowing goods and services to move freely across countries. This process is known as trade liberalisation. Quick Tip: Free trade = Trade liberalisation = Removal of trade barriers.

Developing countries often suffer the most adverse effects of free trade due to unequal competition with developed nations, which have better resources and technology. Free trade without a level playing field can hurt domestic industries in developing countries. Quick Tip: Free trade often disadvantages developing countries due to unequal competition.

Advancements in trCorrect Answerport and communication have allowed goods and services to be trCorrect Answerported more quickly over longer distances than ever before, thus increasing the scope and speed of trade globally. Quick Tip: Better trCorrect Answerport and communication = Faster and farther movement of goods and services.

N/A Quick Tip: Eliminating gender discrimination is essential for inclusive growth, equality, and sustainable development.

N/A Quick Tip: Sustainable development requires equal opportunities and empowerment for all genders to truly succeed.

N/A Quick Tip: ‘Beti Bachao Beti Padhao’ focuses on saving girls and promoting their education and empowerment to build a more equal society.

The methods of mining shown in the picture are:

Open-cast Mining – Minerals are extracted by removing surface layers of soil and rock.
Shaft Mining – Deep vertical shafts are dug to reach minerals lying at great depths. Quick Tip: Different methods of mining are used depending on the depth and type of mineral deposit—surface mining for shallow minerals and underground mining for deeper ones.

The two commonly depicted methods of mining are Open-cast Mining and Shaft Mining. Their differences are:


\begin{tabular{|p{6.5cm|p{6.5cm|
\hline
Open-cast Mining & Shaft Mining

\hline
Used for extracting minerals that lie close to the surface. & Used for extracting minerals that lie deep below the surface.

\hline
Involves removal of surface layers to reach the mineral deposit. & Involves digging deep vertical shafts to access underground minerals.

\hline
Less expensive and less dangerous. & More expensive and riskier due to depth and safety concerns.

\hline
\end{tabular Quick Tip: Open-cast mining is suitable for shallow deposits, while shaft mining is used when minerals are located deep inside the Earth.

Shaft mining is more life-threatening because it involves digging deep underground shafts, which poses risks such as:


Possibility of tunnel collapse or cave-ins
Exposure to harmful gases and dust
Poor ventilation and lighting
Higher chances of fire, flooding, or accidents Quick Tip: Shaft mining is riskier than open-cast mining due to its depth, confined spaces, and hazardous working conditions.

The distribution of modern manufacturing industries is uneven across the world due to several reasons:

Availability of Raw Materials: Industries tend to be located near sources of raw materials to reduce trCorrect Answerportation costs.
Access to Markets: Proximity to large markets ensures ready demand for finished goods.
Availability of Skilled Labour: Skilled and cheap labour attracts industries.
Capital and Infrastructure: Developed infrastructure and financial institutions encourage industrial growth.
TrCorrect Answerport Facilities: Good trCorrect Answerportation networks reduce costs and help in easy distribution.
Government Policies: Industrial-friendly policies, tax incentives, and stable political conditions attract industries.
Technological Development: Regions with advanced technology attract high-tech industries.

Thus, due to varying presence of these factors, industries are unevenly distributed globally. Quick Tip: Modern industries locate based on raw materials, markets, labour, infrastructure, and policies, causing uneven global distribution.

Industries can be classified based on the type of products they produce:


Basic or Heavy Industries:

Produce goods needed by other industries, such as iron and steel, cement, and machinery.
Require heavy machinery, large capital, and skilled labour.
Usually located near raw materials.


Consumer or Light Industries:

Produce goods directly consumed by people, such as food products, textiles, and electronics.
Smaller scale with less capital investment.
Often located near markets to reduce trCorrect Answerportation costs.


Agriculture-based Industries:

Use raw materials from agriculture, such as sugar, cotton textiles, and food processing.
Seasonal in nature and often located near agricultural areas.


Mineral-based Industries:

Depend on mineral resources, e.g., iron and steel, cement, and petrochemicals.
Usually located near mineral deposits. Quick Tip: Industries are classified by products as basic (heavy), consumer (light), agriculture-based, and mineral-based, each with distinct features.

In 1951, the urban population was 17.29% of the total population. In 1991, it increased to 25.71%.

Change = 25.71% - 17.29% = 8.42% increase in urban population percentage from 1951 to 1991. Quick Tip: Urban population percentage increased by over 8% between 1951 and 1991, showing growing urbanisation.

The urban population in India has shown a steady increase from 33,456 thousand in 1931 to 2,85,355 thousand in 2001. The percentage of the urban population also rose from 11.99% in 1931 to 27.78% in 2001, indicating rapid urbanisation over the decades. Despite some fluctuations, the overall trend shows significant growth in the number and size of urban areas. Quick Tip: Urban population is steadily rising, reflecting increased migration and growth of cities.

The increase in the number of towns and Urban Agglomerations (UAs) from 1961 to 2001 can be attributed to:

Industrialisation: Growth of industries attracted people to urban areas.
Migration: Large-scale rural to urban migration for better employment opportunities.
ExpCorrect Answerion of Existing Towns: Many villages grew and were reclassified as towns.
Better Infrastructure and Services: Improvement in urban amenities attracted more settlements. Quick Tip: More towns/UAs emerge due to industrial growth, migration, and development of infrastructure.

Urban centres in India vary significantly in terms of development due to differences in:

Socio-economic Structure: Metropolitan cities like Mumbai and Delhi are highly industrialised and offer better job opportunities, housing, and education, while smaller towns may lack these amenities.
Political Importance: Capitals like New Delhi or state capitals have more government investment and infrastructure compared to non-capital cities.
Cultural Development: Cities like Varanasi or Jaipur are cultural hubs with heritage tourism, while IT hubs like Bengaluru are culturally diverse and more modern.
Infrastructure and Services: Tier-1 cities have better healthcare, trCorrect Answerportation, and digital infrastructure than Tier-2 or Tier-3 cities.
Quality of Life: Living standards vary widely between well-developed urban centres and rapidly growing peri-urban areas.

Thus, Indian urban centres are not uniform and reflect a high degree of differentiation across various indicators. Quick Tip: Urban centres differ in development due to economic activities, political status, and access to infrastructure and services.

Land degradation due to man-made activities poses a greater concern because:

Deforestation: Human clearing of forests for agriculture or construction leads to soil erosion and loss of fertility.
Overgrazing: Excessive grazing by livestock damages vegetation cover and exposes land to erosion.
Unsustainable Farming: Practices like excessive irrigation cause waterlogging, salinity, and soil degradation.
Urbanisation and Industrialisation: Construction, mining, and waste disposal pollute and degrade land quality.
Waste Mismanagement: Dumping of solid and hazardous waste damages soil and water systems.

While natural causes like floods or droughts also degrade land, human-induced causes are continuous and widespread, making them a greater concern. Quick Tip: Human activities like deforestation, mining, and overuse of land degrade soil faster than most natural causes.

The TrCorrect Answer-Canadian Railway is an important trCorrect Answer-continental railway in Canada. It connects the Atlantic coast with the Pacific coast.


Route: It runs from Halifax (in the east) to Vancouver (in the west), covering about 7,050 km.
Construction: Completed in 1886, it was constructed as a part of national integration and development.
Economic Significance: Helps in the movement of wheat from the Prairie region and minerals from the Canadian Shield to the industrial regions and ports.
Tourism and Trade: Supports domestic and international trade and is also popular among tourists for scenic journeys.
Population Linkage: It connects sparsely populated areas with urban centres, promoting settlement and development. Quick Tip: The TrCorrect Answer-Canadian Railway links Atlantic and Pacific coasts and is vital for Canada's trade, tourism, and internal integration.

The TrCorrect Answer-Siberian Railway is the longest railway line in the world and a vital trCorrect Answerport link in Russia.


Route: It runs from St. Petersburg and Moscow to Vladivostok on the Pacific coast, covering over 9,300 km.
Construction: Built between 1891 and 1916 to connect the European part of Russia with its eastern territories.
Economic Importance: Facilitates the trCorrect Answerport of minerals, timber, oil, and other resources from Siberia.
International Link: Connects with railways of other Asian countries like Mongolia, China, and North Korea.
Lifeline of Siberia: Promotes the settlement and economic development of the remote and sparsely populated Siberian region. Quick Tip: The TrCorrect Answer-Siberian Railway is the longest rail route, essential for Russia’s east-west connectivity, economic growth, and international trade.

Any five correct identifications from the map:

Quick Tip: Use clues like major rivers, trade routes, and economic activity zones to identify geographical features on maps.