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Content Curator | Updated On - Jul 15, 2024
CBSE Class 12 Notes for Physics, Chemistry, Maths and Biology subjects are provided in this article. Class 12 PCMB Notes have been prepared as per the latest CBSE class 12 syllabus. Important topics in each chapter, mark distribution, NCERT Solutions, practicals, popular books and additional reference sources are also provided so that the students can have a clear understanding of the subject and prepare accordingly for their CBSE class 12 board examinations.
CBSE Class 12 Physics Notes
CBSE class 12 Physics syllabus has a total of 14 chapters categorised into 9 units under two terms.
Check: Detailed CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus
The mark-wise distribution for each of these units are tabulated below.
Unit No | Unit Chapters |
---|---|
Electrostatics | Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields Chapter 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance |
Current Electricity | Chapter 3: Current Electricity |
Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism | Chapter 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism Chapter 5: Magnetism and Matter |
Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents | Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction Chapter 7: Elternating Currents |
Electromagnetic Waves | Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves |
Optics | Chapter 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments Chapter 10: Wave Optics |
Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter | Chapter 11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter |
Atoms and Nuclei | Chapter 12: Atoms Chapter 13: Nuclei |
Semiconductor Electronic Devices | Chapter 14:Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits |
Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields
This chapter deals with extensive studies on electric charges and fields. This chapter also describes Gauss's law, Coulomb's law, and dipoles in a unified external field. The important notes in this chapter are:
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.
Also Read:
Chapter 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
This chapter describes the concepts of electrostatic potential and capacitance, and related concepts such as electric dipole potential, and so on. Here are some important notes about the Electrostatic Potential and Capability chapter:
- Electrostatic Potential
- Energy Stored in a Capacitor
- Dielectric Constant
- Combination of Capacitors
- Electrostatic Shielding
- Van de Graff Generator
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.
Also Read:
Chapter 3: Current Electricity
This chapter- Current Electricity includes the topics Resistor Colour Codes. In this chapter the students will be able to get expkanations of the concepts like- Ampere, Draft Velocity, and Electromotive Force. Here are the important topics from this chapter-
- Electric Current
- Wheatstone Bridge
- Meter Bridge
- Potentiometer
- Combination of Resistors-Series and Parallel
- Cells in Series and in Parallel
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.
Also Read:
Chapter 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism
This chapter, Moving Charges and Magnetism, explained the basic concepts of magnetism using the concepts of Savar's law, and Ampere's circulation law. Here are some important links from this chapter:
- Magnetic Force and Magnetic Field
- The Moving Coil Galvanometer
- The Solenoid and the Toroid
- Lorentz Force
- Cyclotron
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 5 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.
Also Read:
Chapter 5: Magnetism and Matter
This chapter includes the basic relationships between magnetism with other matters. In this chapter related concepts like Magnetism and Gauss’s Law, Ferromagnetism, Magnetic Susceptibility, Magnetic Poles are also explained. The important topics from this chapter include:
- Magnetic Properties of Materials
- Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity
- Permanent Magnets and Electromagnets
- The Earth’s Magnetism
- Magnetometer
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 5 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.
Also Read:
Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction
With the references of the previous chapter, this one includes the explanations of the concepts like Magnetic Flux, Faraday’s Law of Induction, Lenz’s Law and Conservation of Energy. This chapter also includes the detailed studies of Unit of Magnetic Flux, Motional emf. The important topics from this chapter include-Important notes for Electromagnetic Induction chapter include:
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 5 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.
Also Read:
Chapter 7: Alternating Current
Here the concept related to Alternating Current are explained with topics like- Transformers, Power Factor, Types of AC Motors. The important topics from this chapter-Important notes for Alternating Current chapter include:
- LC Oscillations
- Power in AC Circuit: The Power Factor
- AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor
- AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor
- AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit
- AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 5 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.
Also Read:
Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves
This chapter is an introductory chapter to the concept- Electromagnetic Waves along with the ideas of Maxwell Equations, Gamma Radiation. Here are the other important topics from this chapter:
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Displacement Current
- X Ray
- Electromagnetic Radiation
- Radio Waves
- Infrared Radiation
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.
Also Read:
Other Important Articles From This Chapter | ||
---|---|---|
Impedance of free space | Gamma Radiation | Maxwell Equations |
Electromagnetic Waves | NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Physics Chapter 8 Electromagnetic Waves | Electromagnetic Waves MCQ |
Chapter 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
This chapter portrays the ideas of Refraction and Reflection. Important notes for Ray Optics and Optical Instruments chapter include:
- Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors
- Refraction
- Total Internal Reflection
- Optical Instruments
- Refraction through a Prism
- Dispersion by a Prism
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.
Also Read:
Chapter 10: Wave Optics
The chapter includes the study of the relations between lights and wave that helps it to spread. This chapter allso explains related concepts like- Huygens Principle, Brewster's Law and Coherent Sources. Important notes for Wave Optics chapter include:
- Polarisation
- Diffraction
- Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves
- Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment
- Raman Scattering
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.
Also Read:
Chapter 11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
This chapter introduced the concept like- Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect, Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation in details. Important notes for Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter chapter include:
- Photoelectric Effect
- Davisson and Germer Experiment
- Electron Emission
- Particle Nature of Light: The Photon
- Quantum Theory Of Light
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1 marks to 3 marks.
Also Read:
Chapter 12: Atoms
This chapter includes a detailed knowledge of Atoms along with other concepts like Alpha Particle Mass, Modern Physics, Fermi Energy. Important notes for Atoms chapter include:
- Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom
- Atomic Spectra
- Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom
- Laser
- Alpha Particle Mass
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1 marks to 3 marks.
Also Read:
Other Important Articles From This Chapter | ||
---|---|---|
Value of c | Spectral Series | Particle physics |
Bohr Radius | Energy Level | Quantum mechanics |
Ionizing radiation | Energy level formula | NCERT Solutions Class 12 Physics Chapter 12 Atoms |
Chapter 13: Nuclei
This Chapter includes the detailed study for the concept Nuclei. It also includes other important topics like- Beta Decay, Nuclear Physics, and Readioactive Decay. Here are some of the important topics from this chapter:
- Mass-Energy and Nuclear Binding Energy
- Nuclear Force
- Positron
- Nuclear Energy
- Mass Energy Equivalence
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1 marks to 3 marks.
Also Read:
Chapter 14: Semiconductor Electronics
The concepts of Semiconductor Electronics are introduced along with other related concepts like- Transitor, Fullwave Rectifier, and Half Wave Rectifier. Important notes for Semiconductor Electronics chapter include:
- Varactor diode
- Intrinsic Semiconductor
- Extrinsic Semiconductor
- p-n Junction
- Semiconductor Diode
- Integrated Circuits
- Junction Transistor
- Digital Electronics and Logic Gates
- Full Wave Rectifier
- Half Wave Rectifier
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 2 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.
Also Read:
Class 12 Physics Practicals
Class 12 Physics Practicals carries 30 marks. The mark distribution for practicals is as follows:
- Two Practicals - 8 + 8 marks
- Record Work - 7 marks
- Viva Voce - 7 marks
The list of Class 12 Physics practicals is tabulated below.
CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Notes
CBSE class 12 Chemistry syllabus has a total of 13 chapters categorised into 6 units under two terms.
Check: Detailed Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus
The mark-wise distribution for each of these units are tabulated below.
Title | No. of Periods | Marks Allotted |
---|---|---|
Solutions | 15 | 7 |
Electrochemistry | 18 | 9 |
Chemical Kinetics | 15 | 7 |
d -and f -Block Elements | 18 | 7 |
Coordination Compounds | 18 | 7 |
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes | 15 | 6 |
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers | 14 | 6 |
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids | 15 | 8 |
Amines | 14 | 6 |
Biomolecules | 18 | 7 |
Total | 160 | 70 |
Chapter 1: Solutions
The idea of Solutions, along with it’s properties, Ideal and Non-ideal, Azeotrope, Factors Affecting Solubility. Important topics of Solutions chapter include:
- Types of Solutions
- Solubility
- Abnormal Molar Masses
- Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions
- Mole fraction
- Colligative properties
Expected Number of Questions: Around 2 to 3 questions of 1 to 3 marks
Also Read:
Chapter 2: Electrochemistry
This chapter is an introduction to Electrochemistry, along with other related topics like- Electrochemical Cells, Batteries, Electrolytic Cell. Important topics of Electrochemistry chapter include:
- Electrochemical Cells
- Electrolytic Cells
- Nernst Equation
- Batteries
- Fuel Cells
- Corrosion
- Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1 - 3 marks
Also Read:
Chapter 3: Chemical Kinetics
The basic fundamental ideas related to Chemical Kinetics, such as- Surface Chemistry, First Order Reactions, Pseudo First Order Reaction are explained in this chapter. Important topics of Chemical Kinetics chapter include:
- Rate of a Chemical Reaction
- Integrated Rate Equations
- Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions
- Order of Reaction
- Arrhenius Equation
- Zero Order Reaction
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1 - 3 marks
Also Read:
Chapter 4: d & f-Block Elements
This particular chapter deals with the d and f block elements as well as the related concepts like- Chlorine, lanthanoids contraction, Actinium. Important topics of d & f-Block Elements chapter include:
- Group 18 Elements
- Hydrogen Chloride
- K2Cr2O7
- Lanthanum
- Actinoids
- Magnetic properties transition elements
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 4 questions of 1 - 5 marks
Also Read:
Other Important Topics Related To This Chapter | ||
---|---|---|
Colour Transition Elements | NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry d & f Block Elements | Handwritten Notes for Class 12 Chemistry d & f Block Elements |
Chapter 5: Coordination Compounds
In this chapter the basic ideas of Coordination Compounds along with other related concepts like- Coordination number, Wilkinsons Catalyst. Important topics of Coordination Compounds chapter include:
- Werner’s Theory of Coordination Compounds
- Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds
- Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
- Bonding in Metal Carbonyls
- Lewis acids
- Ligands
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 4 questions of 1 - 5 marks
Also Read:
Chapter 6: Haloalkenes and Haloarenes
The concept of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes are described with other concepts like Finkelstein reaction, optical isomerism, Enantiomers and Ester Hydrolysis in rhis chapter. Important topics of Haloalkenes and Haloarenes chapter include:
- Classification of Haloalkenes and Haloarenes
- Nomenclature of Haloalkenes and Haloarenes
- Physical Properties of Haloalkenes and Haloarenes
- Chemical Reactions of Haloalkenes and Haloarenes
- Grignard reagent
- Iodoform, freons, DDT
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 5 questions of 1 - 5 marks
Also Read:
Chapter 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
This chapter deals with the fundamental ideas of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers along with other related cocepts like- Friedel Crafts reaction, Lucas Test etc. Important topics of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers chapter include:
- Alcohol structure hydroxyl group
- Reimer Tiemann reaction
- Friedel Crafts reaction
- Dehydration Of Alcohols
- Wittig Reaction
- Williamson Synthesis
- Ether Preparation
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 5 questions of 1 - 5 marks
Also Read:
Chapter 8: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acid
The topics related to Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids are described in this chapter. It also deals with important topics like- Nucleophilic Addition Reaction , Etard reaction.Important topics of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acid chapter include:
- Carboxylic Acids
- Aldol condensation
- Cannizzaro reaction
- Iodoform Test
- Carbonyl Compounds
- Fehling Test
Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 6 questions of 1 - 5 marks
Also Read:
Chapter 9: Amines
This chapter can be considered as the detailed studies related of– Sandmeyer reaction, Gatterman reaction, Coupling Reaction. Important topics of Amines chapter include:
- Structure of Amines
- Method of Preparation of Diazonium Salts
- Sandmeyer reaction
- Gatterman reaction
- Coupling Reaction
- Sulphonation
Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 6 questions of 1 - 5 marks
Also Read:
Chapter 10: Biomolecules
This chapter can be considered as a detailed studies of Biomolecules along with other imortant topics such as- amylose, glutamic acid, histidine, oligosaccharide, aspartic acid, anthocyanins, etc. Important topics of Biomolecules chapter include:
- Carbohydrates
- Classification
- Sucrose
- Maltose
- Structure of proteins
- Proteins
- Enzymes
- Vitamins
- Nucleic Acids
- Hormones
Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 5 questions of 1 - 5 marks
Also Read:
Class 12 Chemistry Practicals
Class 12 Chemistry Practicals carries 30 marks. The mark distribution for practicals is as follows:
- Volumetric Analysis - 8 marks
- Salt Analysis - 8 marks
- Record Work - 7 marks
- Viva Voce - 7 marks
The list of Class 12 Chemistry practicals is tabulated below.
CBSE Class 12 Mathematics Notes
CBSE class 12 Mathematics syllabus has a total of 13 chapters categorised into 6 units under two terms.
Check: Detailed Class 12 Mathematics Syllabus
The mark-wise distribution for each of these units are tabulated below.
Unit | Chapters | Marks |
---|---|---|
Relations and Functions | 08 | |
Algebra | 10 | |
Calculus | 35 | |
Vectors and Three Dimensional Geometry | 14 | |
Linear Programming | 05 | |
Probability | 08 | |
Internal Assessment | 20 | |
Total | 100 |
Chapter 1: Relation and Function
This chapter deals with various binary functions, such as- binary addition, binary subtraction, binary division, Onto Function etc.Important topics covered in Relation and Function chapter are:
Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 3 questions of 1-3 marks
Also Read:
Chapter 2: Inverse Trigonometric Functions
This chapter introduced the concept of InverseTrigonometry, and deals with the in depth study related to it including- Graphs of Inverse Trigonometric Functions, Inverse Tan, etc.Important topics covered in Inverse Trigonometric Functions chapter are:
- Sine function
- Cosine Function
- Tangent Function
- Secant Function
- Cotangent Function
- Cosecant Function
- Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 3 questions of 1-5 marks
Also Read:
Chapter 3: Matrices
In this chapter the detailed idea related to Matrix is explained along with the related topics like- Diagonal matrix, Scalar matrix, Identity matrix, Column Matrix, Row Matrix. Important topics covered in Matrices chapter are:
- Types of Matrices
- Operations in Matrices
- Transpose of a Matrix
- Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices
- Invertible Matrices
Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 5 questions of 1-5 marks
Also Read:
Chapter 4: Determinants
This chapter deals with the core concepts of Determinants along with the other prominant mathematical theories. For example- Applications of Determinants and Matrices, Area of a Triangle, Non Singular Matrix. Important topics covered in Determinants chapter are:
Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 5 questions of 1-5 marks
Also Read:
Chapter 5: Continuity and Differentiability
Here the ideas of Continuity and Differentiability and the relation between them are discussed. This chapter also includes- Logarithmic Differentiation, Continuous Function, Second Order Derivative. Important topics covered in Continuity and Differentiability chapter are:
Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 7 questions of 1-5 marks
Also Read:
Chapter 6: Application of Derivatives
This chapter will help the students to understand the applications related to Derivatives in details, along with the other related topics like- interpolation formula, lagrange interpolation formula, linear approximation formula. Important topics covered in Application of Derivatives chapter are:
Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 7 questions of 1-5 marks
Also Read:
Chapter 7: Integrals
This chapter deals with the concept Integrals and various functions related to it. It includes- Methods of Integration, Integration by Partial Fractions, Integration by Parts, Definite Integral as well.Important topics covered in Integrals Chapter are:
- Double Integral
- Continuous Integration
- Properties of Definite Integral
- Line Integral
- Integrals of Particular Function
Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 8 questions of 1-5 marks
Also Read:
Chapter 8: Application of Integrals
This chapter can be considered as an extensive study related to the previous chapter, along with Definite Integral Formula .Important topics covered in Application of Integrals Chapter are:
Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 8 questions of 1-5 marks
Also Read:
Other Related Articles From this Chapter | ||
---|---|---|
Properties Of Definite Integral | NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 8- Application of Integrals | Application of Integrals Handwritten Notes |
Chapter 9: Differential Equation
This chapter deals with the concept of Differential Equation. In this chapter other related topics like- Differential Equations Applications, First Order Differential Equation are also discussed.Important topics covered in Differential Equation Chapter are:
- First order linear differential equations
- Partial differential equations
- Ordinary differential equations
- Homogeneous differential equations
Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 8 questions of 1-5 marks
Also Read:
Chapter 10: Vector Equation
This chapter is an introductory chapter to Vector. It incudes some important topics like Position Vector, Direction Cosines, Unit Vector, Equal Vector as well. Important topics covered in Vector Equation Chapter are:
- Types of Vectors
- Addition of Vectors
- Negative of a Vector
- Triangle law of Vector addition
- Magnitude of a vector
Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 4 questions of 1-5 marks
Also Read:
Chapter 11: Three Dimensional Geometry
The basic ideas of dimentional geometry are explained in this chapter here along with the other concepts like, Angle Between Two Vectors, section formula 3 dimension etc. Important topics covered in Three dimensional geometry Chapter are:
Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 4 questions of 1-5 marks
Also Read: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 11- Three Dimensional Geometry
Chapter 12: Linear Programming
This chapter includes the fundamental studies related to linear programming. Important topics covered in Linear Programming Chapter are:
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1-3 marks
Also Read: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 12- Linear Programming
Chapter 13: Probability
This chapter deals with Probability, along with other important topics like- Bias, difference between mutually exclusive and independent events.Important topics covered in Probability Chapter are:
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1-5 marks
Also Read:
CBSE Class 12 Biology Notes
CBSE class 12 Biology syllabus has a total of 13 chapters categorised into 6 units under two terms.
Check: Class 12 Biology Syllabus
The mark-wise distribution for each of these units are tabulated below.
Unit | Chapters | Marks |
---|---|---|
Reproduction | 16 | |
Genetics and Evolutions | Principles of Inheritance and Variation | 20 |
Biology and Human Welfare | 12 | |
Biotechnology and its Applications | 12 | |
Ecology and Environment | 10 | |
Total | 70 |
Chapter 1: Reproduction in Organisms
This chapter includes various topics related to the sexual reproduction in flowering plants.Important topics covered in Reproduction in Organisms Chapter are:
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1-3 marks
Also Read:
Chapter 2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
This chapter contains various topics related to sexual reproduction of flowering plants. Important topics covered in Sexual Reproduction in flowering Plants Chapter are:
- Flower structure
- Vegetative propagation in plants
- Pollination
- Gemmule formation
- Double fertilization
- Parthenocarpy
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1-3 marks
Also Read:
Other Important Links From This Chapter | ||
---|---|---|
Maternal mortality rate | Gestational Diabetes | NCERT Solutions for Reproductive Health |
Chapter 3: Human Reproduction
This chapter introduced the concept of the human reproductive system and other related topics like- Fertilization, stem cells .Important topics covered in Human Reproduction Chapter are:
Expected Nmber of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1-3 marks
Also Read:
Chapter 4: Reproductive Health
This chapter is an extensive study related to the previous chapter. It deals with the concept of Infertility and other health issues related to the reproductive helath as well. Important topics covered in Reproductive Health Chapter are:
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STIs)
- Birth control
- Medical termination of pregnancy
- Infant Mortality Rate
- Contraception
- Syphili
- Amniocentesis
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1-3 marks
Also Read:
Other Important Links From This Chapter | ||
---|---|---|
Maternal mortality rate | Gestational Diabetes | NCERT Solutions for Reproductive Health |
Chapter 5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation
In this chapter the Principles of Inheritance and Variationare discussed along with the ideas of Linkage and crossing over, Colour blindness, Thalassemia, Hemophilia. Important topics covered in Principles of Inheritance and Variation Chapter are:
- Mendelian Inheritance
- Incomplete Dominance
- Pleiotropy
- Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
- Chromosomes and Genes
- Down’s Syndrome
Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 3 questions of 1-5 marks
Also Read:
Chapter 6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
This chapter is an extensive part of the previous chapters. It includes topics like- DNA packaging, DNA replication, Genetic code, Genome, DNA as well. Important topics covered in Molecular Basis of Inheritance Chapter are:
Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 3 questions of 1-5 marks
Also Read:
Chapter 7: Evolution
This chapter is all about Evolution and it deals with the related topics like Lamarckism, Palaeontology, Origin of Life etc. Important topics covered in Evolution Chapter are:
- Origin and Evolution of Man
- Mechanism of Evolution
- Charles darwin theory
- Homo erectus
- Genetic drift
- Embryology
- Gene flow
Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 3 questions of 1-5 marks
Also Read:
Chapter 8: Human Health and Diseases
This chapter various human diseases are described with their causes as well as their efects on the human health. This chapter includes- Pathogens, Malaria, Dengue, Filariasis, etc. Important topics covered in Human Health and Diseases Chapter are:
- Health
- Disease
- Immunity
- Cancer
- AIDS
- Metastasis
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse
- NCERT Solutions for Human Health and Disease
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1-5 marks
Also Read:
Chapter 9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food production
The ideas about microbes in human welfare are explained in this chapter along with the ideas of Ganga action plan, Leprosy, vitamin b 12 deficiency etc. Important topics covered in Strategies for Enhancement in Food production Chapter are:
- Plant Breeding
- Biofortification
- Green Revolution
- Inbreeding Depression
- Mutagens
- Mutation
- Micro Propagation
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1-5 marks
Also Read: NCERT Solutions for Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
Chapter 10: Microbes in Human Welfare
This chapter provides the ideas about microbes in human welfare here that includes the ideas of Ganga action plan, Leprosy, vitamin b 12 deficiency etc.Important topics covered in Microbes in Human Welfare Chapter are:
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1-5 marks
Also Read:
Other Important Links From This Chapter | ||
---|---|---|
Biogas | Biology and Human Welfare | Bio Control Agents |
Microbes As Biofertilizers | Microbes In Industrial Products | NCERT Solutions for Microbes in Human Welfare |
Chapter 11: Biotechnology Principles and Processes
This chapter introduced the core ideas of Biotechnology. It includes related topics like the applications of biotechnologies, Extinction, Endengered Species and pcr etcImportant topics covered in Biotechnology Principles and Processes Chapter are:
- Genetic Engineering
- Recombinant DNA Technology
- Biotechnology and its applications
- DNA Cloning
- Restriction Enzymes
- Bioprocessing
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 5 questions of 1-5 marks
Also Read:
Chapter 12: Biotechnology and its Applications
This chapter is an extensive study connected with the previous chapter. In this chapter related topics like Plasmid Definition, GEAC, etc.Important topics covered in Biotechnology and Its Applications Chapter are:
- Biotechnology In Agriculture
- Applications of Enzymes
- Transgenic Animals
- Genetically modified organisms
- Human insulin
- RNA Interference
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 5 questions of 1-5 marks
Also Read:
Other Important Links From This Chapter | ||
---|---|---|
Elisa Technique | Biotechnology Mcqs | NCERT Solutions for Biotechnology and its Application |
Chapter 13: Organisms and Population
This chapter includes a detailed study of Organisms and Populations, along with the concept of studying population by quadrat method.Important topics covered in Organisms and Population Chapter are:
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1-3 marks
Also Read: NCERT Solutions for Organisms and Population
Chapter 14: Ecosystem
This chapter deals with a very important topic- Ecosystem. In this chapter the related topics like Photosynthetically active radiation, Phosphorus Cycle, Abiotic Factors, etc. Important topics covered in Ecosystem Chapter are:
- Importance of Ecosystem
- Carbon Cycle
- Biomass
- Energy flow in ecosystem
- Aquatic Ecosystem
- Terrestrial Ecosystem
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1-3 marks
Also Read:
Chapter 15: Biodiversity and Conservation
In this chapter, related topics like Biodiversity conservation, Hotspots, Endemic Species are explained. Important topics covered in Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter are:
- Biosphere reserves
- Loss of biodiversity
- National parks
- Ramsar sites
- Red Data Book
- Sanctuaries
- Wildlife
- Mass extinctions
- NCERT Solution for Biodiversity and Conservation
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1-3 marks
Also Read:
Other Important Links From This Chapter | ||
---|---|---|
Cryopreservation | Keystone Species | Flagship Species |
Kt Extinction | Biodiversity And Conservation MCQ | NCERT Solution for Biodiversity and Conservation |
Chapter 16: Environmental Issues
This chapter deals with the basic kowledges about the envioronmental issues that we face in our daily lives. Important topics covered in Environmental Issues Chapter are:
- Pollution
- Ecology and environment
- Effects of air Pollution
- Environmental Protection Act 1986
- Biodiversity conservation
Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1-3 marks
Also Read: NCERT Solutions for Environmental Issues
Class 12 Biology Practicals
Class 12 Biology Practicals carries 30 marks. The mark distribution for practicals is as follows:
- Two Practicals - 5 + 4 marks
- Slide Preparation - 5 marks
- Spotting - 7 marks
- Record Work - 4 marks
- Viva Voce - 5 marks
CBSE Class 12 English Notes
Class 12 English syllabus is divided into three books- Flamingo, Vistas, and Kaleidoscope.
Class 12 English Flamingo NCERT Solutions
This book, Flamingo includes 8 prose chapters and 6 poems in total-
Flamingo- Chapter-wise NCERT Solutions |
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Poetry Chapter 2: An Elementary School Classroom in a Slum (Omitted) |
Class 12 English Vistas NCERT Solutions
This book, Vistas includes 8 short stories in total-
Vistas- Chapter-wise NCERT Solutions |
---|
Chapter 5: Should Wizard Hit Mommy? (Omitted) |
Chapter 7: Evans Tries an O-Level (Omitted) |
Class 12 English Kaleidoscope NCERT Solutions
This book includes Short stories, poems, non-fictions and drama all under one cover-
Kaleidoscope- Chapter-wise NCERT Solutions |
---|
Chapter 1 I Sell My Dreams |
Chapter 2 Eveline |
Chapter 3 Wedding In Brownsville |
Chapter 1 A Lecture Upon the Shadow |
Poetry Chapter 2 Poems By Milton |
Poetry Chapter 3 Poems By Blake |
Poetry Chapter 4 Kubla Khan |
Poetry Chapter 5 Trees |
Poetry Chapter 6 The Wild Swan of Coole |
Poetry Chapter 7 Time and Time Again |
Essay 1 Freedom |
Essay Chapter 2 The Mark On The Wall |
Essay Chapter 3 Film-making |
Essay Chapter 4 Why Are Novel Matters |
Essay Chapter 5 The Argumentative Indian |
Drama Chandalika |
Popular PCMB Reference books & Additional Resources
All the important numericals, equations, concepts, theories and handwritten notes PDF from all PCMB chapters have been comprehensively covered and provided in each of the articles below.
Subject | Popular Reference books |
---|---|
Physics | Concepts of Physics by HC Verma Vol 1 Concepts of Physics by HC Verma Vol 2 |
Chemistry | Pradeep’s New Course Chemistry Book |
Maths | Senior Secondary School Mathematics by RS Agarwal |
Biology | Truman’s Class 12 Elementary Biology |
English | CBSE Topic/Chapter Wise Question Bank- Oswaal Publications English Core textbook for class 12- Sahitya Bhawan Wren and Martin Grammar Book |
Also Check,
Frequently Asked Questions
Ques. Where can I find reliable CBSE Class 12 Notes for all subjects?
Ans. You can find CBSE Class 12 Notes from various sources such as textbooks, reference books, online educational platforms, and educational websites like Collegedunia. It is important to ensure that the notes are accurate, updated, and aligned with the latest CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2024. The notes provided in the above article are created with reference to the latest curriculum and using information from reliable sources. Students can refer to these notes to prepare for their CBSE Class 12 Exams.
Ques. Are CBSE Class 12 Notes sufficient for exam preparation, or should I refer to additional resources?
Ans. While CBSE Class 12 Notes provide a solid foundation, it is advisable to supplement them with additional resources such as NCERT textbooks, reference books, sample papers, and previous years' question papers. This helps in gaining a deeper understanding of concepts and practicing different types of questions.
You can access year-wise CBSE Class 12 Previous Year Question Papers at Collegedunia for all subjects. These will help you know the actual types of questions asked in the board exams.
Ques. How can I effectively use CBSE Class 12 Notes for revision before the exams?
Ans. Use CBSE Class 12 Notes for revision by creating concise summaries or flashcards of important topics, formulas, and diagrams. Focus on understanding the concepts rather than rote memorization. Practice solving sample papers and previous years' question papers to assess your understanding and time management skills.
Ques. What are the important topics for the chapter Calculus for CBSE Class 12 Maths Exam 2024?
Ans. For the chapter "Calculus" in CBSE Class 12 Maths Exam 2024, the important topics include:
- Continuity and Differentiability:
- Understanding the concepts of continuity and differentiability for functions.
- Verifying continuity and differentiability of functions using limit theorems.
- Identifying points of discontinuity and nondifferentiability in functions.
- Solving problems involving continuity and differentiability in various contexts.
- Applications of Derivatives:
- Finding the rate of change of quantities using derivatives.
- Solving problems related to tangents and normals to curves.
- Finding maxima and minima of functions using derivatives.
- Solving optimization problems in different scenarios using derivatives.
- Integration:
- Understanding the concept of integration as the reverse process of differentiation.
- Finding integrals of various types of functions, including polynomials, trigonometric functions, exponential functions, and logarithmic functions.
- Applying definite integrals to find area under curves and between curves.
- Solving problems involving the evaluation of integrals using properties and techniques of integration.
- Application of Integrals:
- Finding the area bounded by curves using definite integrals.
- Finding the area of regions between two curves.
- Solving problems involving the calculation of area enclosed by curves.
- Differential Equations:
- Understanding the concept of a differential equation and its order and degree.
- Solving first-order and second-order linear differential equations.
- Solving differential equations representing various physical phenomena and growth and decay processes.
- Applying initial conditions or boundary conditions to find particular solutions of differential equations.
Ques. What are the best reference books for CBSE Class 12 Biology Exam?
Ans. For CBSE Class 12 Biology Exam preparation, there are several reference books available that can help students understand concepts in-depth and provide additional practice. Here are some of the best reference books for CBSE Class 12 Biology:
- NCERT Biology Textbooks (Class 11 and 12): NCERT Books Class 12 are highly recommended as they are prescribed by the CBSE board and comprehensively cover the entire syllabus. The language used is easy to understand, and concepts are explained with clarity.
- Pradeep's Biology: Pradeep's Biology is a popular reference book among students for CBSE Class 12 Biology. It provides detailed explanations of concepts along with ample illustrations and diagrams. The book also includes a wide range of practice questions and solved examples.
- Trueman's Elementary Biology Vol 1 and 2: Trueman's Elementary Biology is another popular reference book that covers the CBSE Class 12 Biology syllabus comprehensively. It includes detailed explanations of concepts, along with ample diagrams and illustrations to aid understanding.
- Modern’s ABC of Biology for Class 12: Modern’s ABC of Biology is a concise yet comprehensive reference book that covers all topics of the CBSE Class 12 Biology syllabus. It includes objective questions, conceptual questions, and previous years' board exam questions for practice.
*The article might have information for the previous academic years, which will be updated soon subject to the notification issued by the University/College.
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A private candidate is a candidate who is not regular at the school. You can also name it a dummy student. These students are allowed to take part in the CBSE level examination after crossing the eligibility criteria.
For more information, refer to this link: Apply for CBSE Class 12 Exam for Private Candidates
Here are some of the documents required for the CBSE XII Revaluation application: Full name of parents/guardian and student, Date of birth (same as the birth certificate), Subject codes, Optional subject selection, Signature of parents/guardian, and a recent passport size photograph, exam roll number, and more.