CBSE Class 12 2025 Geography 64-6-2 Question paper Set-2:Download Solutions with Answer Key

The correct match is as follows:

a. Geological structure — ii: It determines the mineral resource base.
b. Mineral resources — iii: It provides the base for industrial development.
c. Climate — i: It determines the biotic life.
d. Cultural factors — iv: The development of crafts and skills is determined by it.


Hence, the correct matching is: a–ii, b–iii, c–i, d–iv Quick Tip: Relate physical aspects like geological structure and climate with natural features, and human aspects like culture with skills and development.

The Twenty-Year Road Plan was introduced to improve and develop road infrastructure across India systematically over a long-term period. This plan aimed to connect rural and urban areas efficiently and enhance transportation for economic growth.


Other plans:
- Nagpur Plan was an earlier initiative focusing on national highways but less comprehensive.
- Golden Quadrilateral Plan focuses specifically on connecting major metros (Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata).
- North-South Corridor Plan is part of the larger National Highways Development Project connecting northern and southern India.


Thus, the Twenty-Year Road Plan is the broad plan aimed at improving road conditions nationwide.
Quick Tip: Long-term infrastructure improvement plans like the Twenty-Year Road Plan aim for comprehensive road development across India.

According to the passage, the core concern of geography is to understand the Earth as the home of human beings. Geography focuses on the interaction between humans and their physical environment, making humans the central element.

Thus, the correct answer is that geography studies the Earth primarily as the home of human beings. Quick Tip: Geography studies human-environment relationships and views Earth as human habitat.

The passage states that human beings were able to develop technology after gaining a better understanding of natural laws. This understanding enabled the creation of tools and techniques that improved cultural development and technological advancement.

Hence, the key factor that helped humans develop higher technology is the better understanding of natural laws. Quick Tip: Technological advancement depends on understanding the principles of nature and applying them effectively.

The passage emphasizes that geography as a discipline studies both nature and human beings because the earth is the home of humans. Understanding the earth’s surface requires an inseparable study of natural elements and human activities since they are interconnected.

Hence, the inseparable elements to understand the earth surface in geography are Nature and Human. Quick Tip: Geography studies the interaction between natural environment and human beings together, not separately.

The waterway shown in the map is the Rhine Waterway. It is one of the major inland waterways in Europe, facilitating transportation and trade. Quick Tip: Rhine Waterway is an important European river used extensively for navigation and trade.

The ports marked on the map are:

(A) Rotterdam — One of the largest and busiest ports in Europe, located in the Netherlands.
(B) Basel — A major inland port located in Switzerland on the Rhine River. Quick Tip: Rotterdam is a major sea port, while Basel is an important inland river port on the Rhine waterway.

Rivers used as inland waterways have great economic significance for the regions they flow through:


Facilitates Trade and Transport: Rivers provide a natural and cost-effective means of transporting goods and raw materials, reducing transportation costs compared to road or rail.

Connects Inland Regions to Ports: Inland waterways link interior regions with sea ports, helping in export-import activities and boosting trade.

Supports Industrial Development: Availability of efficient transport encourages the establishment of industries along the river banks.

Promotes Tourism and Employment: River transport and scenic waterways promote tourism, creating jobs in transport, logistics, and hospitality sectors.

Environmentally Friendly: Waterway transport is energy-efficient and less polluting compared to road and air transport.


Therefore, rivers as inland waterways play a crucial role in the economic growth and development of a region by enhancing connectivity and trade. Quick Tip: Inland waterways reduce transport costs, boost trade, encourage industries, and promote sustainable economic development.

Two key areas of human development are:

Access to resources
Health and education


These areas are important to expand people's capabilities and choices for a better quality of life. Quick Tip: Human development focuses on improving access to resources, health, and education to enhance people's freedoms and choices.

Several factors lead to the lack of capability and freedom for people to make even basic life choices:


Material Poverty: People living in poverty often lack the financial resources necessary to access basic needs such as education, healthcare, and nutrition. This economic deprivation severely limits their freedom to make choices that can improve their lives.

Social Discrimination: Discrimination based on caste, gender, ethnicity, or other social factors marginalizes certain groups, restricting their opportunities and access to resources. This social inequality limits their ability to make free and informed decisions.

Inability to Acquire Knowledge: Lack of education and awareness further restricts individuals from understanding or pursuing better options for their well-being.

Inefficiency of Institutions: Poor functioning of public institutions like schools, hospitals, and welfare agencies can prevent people from receiving the support they need, thus limiting their choices.


These reasons collectively prevent many individuals from leading healthy, educated, and dignified lives by limiting their real freedoms and capabilities. Quick Tip: Freedom to choose depends not only on resources but also on social equality, education, and effective institutions.

The choices of people are restricted when they lack the necessary capabilities and resources to pursue their desired options. This can happen under the following conditions:


Lack of Education: For example, an uneducated child cannot choose to become a doctor because their limited knowledge and skills restrict such an option.
Material Poverty: Poor people may not afford medical treatment, food, or other basic necessities, limiting their ability to make healthy or beneficial choices.
Social and Institutional Barriers: Discrimination, social inequality, and inefficient institutions may block access to opportunities, further restricting freedom of choice.


Therefore, when individuals do not have capabilities in areas such as education, health, and access to resources, their choices get limited, preventing them from leading fulfilling lives. Quick Tip: Restricted choices occur when people lack education, resources, or face social and institutional barriers.

Kolkata Port is one of the oldest and most important riverine ports in India. It is located on the left bank of the Hooghly River, about 128 km inland from the Bay of Bengal.


It serves as an inland riverine port with a navigable route for large ships.
The port has twin dock systems: Kolkata Dock System and Haldia Dock Complex.
It handles diverse cargo including iron and steel, machinery, fertilizers, and jute products.
It requires regular dredging due to the silting of the Hooghly River.
It serves a vast hinterland covering West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Sikkim, Bhutan, and parts of Nepal. Quick Tip: Kolkata is a riverine port located inland and serves eastern and northeastern India as well as neighbouring countries like Nepal and Bhutan.

Mumbai Port is the biggest and busiest natural harbour on the west coast of India. It plays a significant role in India's foreign trade.


It is a natural deep-water port protected by the Konkan coast.
The port has modern dock facilities with spacious wet docks and dry docks.
It handles bulk cargo like petroleum, machinery, textiles, and chemicals.
Mumbai Port is well-connected by road and rail, ensuring smooth cargo movement.
It serves a vast hinterland including Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, and parts of Karnataka. Quick Tip: Mumbai is a natural deep-sea port on the Arabian Sea and serves central and western India’s industrial and commercial needs.

- In Stage II of the demographic transition, there is a high net population increase due to a significant decline in the death rate (DR) while the birth rate (BR) remains relatively high.


- The decline in the death rate is primarily driven by improvements in public health, sanitation, medical advancements, and better nutrition. These factors reduce mortality rates, especially among infants and children.


- However, the birth rate remains high because traditional cultural norms and practices continue to encourage large families, and there may be a lack of access to family planning or contraception.


- The difference between the birth rate and the death rate results in a high natural increase in population, leading to rapid population growth. Quick Tip: Stage II is marked by falling death rates and still-high birth rates, resulting in a rapid rise in population.

Differentiate between stage I and III of demographic transition theory.


- Stage I (High Fluctuating):


- Characteristics: High birth rates and high death rates, resulting in low population growth.


- Causes: Poor healthcare, high infant mortality, limited access to food and resources, and frequent epidemics.


- Examples: Rainforest tribes, some remote communities.


- Stage III (Low Fluctuating):


- Characteristics: Low birth rates and low death rates, resulting in very low population growth or even population decline.


- Causes: Advanced healthcare, widespread use of contraception, higher education levels, and economic development leading to smaller family sizes.


- Examples: Developed countries like Canada, Japan, USA.


- Key Differences:


- Birth Rate: High in Stage I, low in Stage III.


- Death Rate: High in Stage I, low in Stage III.


- Population Growth: Low in Stage I, very low or stable in Stage III.


- Socio-economic Conditions: Primitive or underdeveloped in Stage I, highly developed in Stage III. Quick Tip: Stage I has both high birth and death rates, while Stage III sees declining birth rates and low death rates due to development and awareness.

- Economic Development: Countries in Stage III are typically highly developed with advanced economies. They have diversified industries, high levels of technological innovation, and strong infrastructure.


- Healthcare and Education: There is universal access to high-quality healthcare and education. Life expectancy is high, and infant mortality rates are very low.


- Family Planning: Access to family planning and contraception is widespread, leading to lower fertility rates as people choose to have smaller families.


- Urbanization: A high percentage of the population lives in urban areas, and there is a shift from agrarian economies to service-based and knowledge-driven economies.


- Social Security: Robust social security systems provide support for the elderly, reducing the need for large families as a form of insurance against old age.


- Environmental Awareness: There is greater awareness and action regarding environmental sustainability, reflecting the advanced socio-economic conditions. Quick Tip: Stage III reflects socio-economic progress—urbanisation, female education, and healthcare reforms reduce birth rates and stabilise population growth.

India shows wide regional variation in population growth due to differences in socio-economic, cultural, and political factors. Some of the variations include:


High Growth States: States like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh have recorded high population growth due to high birth rates and low literacy.
Moderate Growth States: States such as Gujarat, Haryana, and Rajasthan have moderate growth due to rising awareness and partial success of population policies.
Low Growth States: States like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Himachal Pradesh show low growth due to high literacy, better healthcare, and effective family planning.
Negative Growth Areas: Some states and union territories like Nagaland (in certain decades) have shown negative or very low growth due to out-migration or successful control measures.
Urban vs Rural Variation: Urban areas usually experience higher growth due to in-migration, while rural areas depend more on natural growth. Quick Tip: Population growth in India varies by region due to factors like education, health services, migration, and implementation of government policies.

Population distribution in India is highly uneven. Some regions are densely populated while others are sparsely populated due to the following factors:


Topography: Plains like the Indo-Gangetic plain are densely populated, while mountains and plateaus like the Himalayas and the Western Ghats are sparsely populated.
Climate: Areas with moderate climate (e.g., coastal regions) attract dense populations. Harsh climates like deserts and high altitudes repel people.
Soil Fertility: Fertile areas such as the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin support agriculture and attract dense population.
Industrialisation: Industrial regions like Mumbai, Kolkata, and Delhi have high population density due to employment opportunities.
Transport and Infrastructure: Areas with good connectivity and developed infrastructure tend to have higher population density. Quick Tip: Factors like topography, climate, fertile land, industrial growth, and infrastructure cause population to be unevenly distributed in India.

Industries aim to maximise profits by reducing production and transportation costs. This is achieved through several strategies:


Location Near Raw Materials: Locating industries close to the source of raw materials reduces transportation cost.

\textit{Example: Iron and steel plants near coal and iron ore mines in Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.

Access to Cheap Labour: Setting up industries in regions with abundant low-cost labour reduces wage bills.

\textit{Example: Textile industries in India benefit from cheap and skilled labour.

Proximity to Market: Industries near large markets save on distribution costs and meet demand quickly.

\textit{Example: Consumer goods industries near metro cities like Delhi and Mumbai.

Use of Efficient Technology: Adoption of modern machinery reduces wastage and improves productivity, thus lowering costs.

Clustering of Industries: Establishing industries in clusters or industrial hubs enables sharing of infrastructure and services, lowering overall costs.

\textit{Example: IT parks and SEZs.


Thus, cost reduction in these ways helps industries earn higher profits and remain competitive. Quick Tip: Industries reduce cost through location planning, use of cheap labour, modern technology, and efficient supply chains to increase profits.

Industries can be classified based on the type of raw materials they use:


Agro-based Industries: Use agricultural products as raw materials.

\textit{Example: Sugar, cotton textile, dairy, tea industries.

Mineral-based Industries: Use minerals and ores as raw materials.

\textit{Example: Iron and steel, cement, aluminium industries.

Forest-based Industries: Use forest products as raw materials.

\textit{Example: Paper, plywood, furniture, lac industries.

Animal-based Industries: Use products obtained from animals.

\textit{Example: Leather, wool, meat processing industries.


This classification helps understand the resource dependency and regional distribution of industries. Quick Tip: Industries are classified by raw material type: agro-based, mineral-based, forest-based, and animal-based.