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Tissue is a group of cells that have identical shape and function which are intended to perform a specific function. The organs humans and animals possess are all composed of tissues. These are components present in plants as well. There are many different kinds of tissues in both plants and animals. The different types of tissues found in animals are connective tissues, muscular tissues, nervous tissues and epithelial tissues; while in plants, they range from vascular tissues, epidermal tissues to ground tissues
Very Short Answer Questions [1 Mark Questions]
Ques. Which tissue present in gymnosperms conduct water?
Ans. Tracheids are the tissue present in gymnosperms that conduct water.
Ques. Which is the muscular tissue found in organisms that functions throughout life without any fatigue?
Ans. Cardiac muscular tissue is the one which functions throughout life without any fatigue.
Ques. A connective tissue in human beings lacks fibers. Name the tissue.
Ans. Blood is the connective tissue found in the human body lacking fibers.
Ques. Which is the tissue present in plants that provides flexibility to them?
Ans. Collenchyma is the tissue present in plants that provides flexibility to them.
Ques. Which structure protects the plant body against the invasion of parasites? [NCERT]
Ans. The epidermis is the plant body that prevents invasion of parasites in plants. has thick cuticles and It has some waxy substances and thick cuticles in order to protect the plants.
Ques. What do you mean by cutin?
Ans. Cutin is a chemical substance present in the aerial part of the plants. It has a waterproof quality to cover the plant parts.
Ques. Where is apical meristem found ? [CCE 2010]
Ans. Apical meristem is found in the tip of the main stem, root and branches of the plants.
Short Answer Questions [2 Marks]
Ques. State 2 differences between aerenchyma and chlorenchyma.
Ans. The main differences between aerenchyma and chlorenchyma are tabulated below.
| Aerenchyma | Chlorenchyma |
|---|---|
| It is present in aquatic plants. | It is present in both aquatic plants and terrestrial plants. |
| It contains large air cavities. | Air cavities are absent in this tissue. |
| Cells are comparatively small | Cells are comparatively larger |
Ques. What is the connective tissue especially known to help the repair of tissues? State where this tissue is found. Mention one key function. [CCE 2010, 2011, 2012]
Ans. Areolar tissue is the connective tissue which helps in the repair of tissues. It is present inside the organs, muscles and nerves, in the lining of blood vessels and in joining structures like skin and muscles. Its other function is the filling, packaging and covering of various organs.
Ques. Draw the diagram of a neuron showing nucleus and cell body, dendrite, axon and nerve endings. [CCE 2010, 2011, 2012]
Ans.
Also Check: Neuron
Ques. “An organism requires different types of cells in their body whether they are plant or animal.” Substantiate the statement.
Ans. All organisms have different types of cells in their body. They all are intended to perform different functions too. Different physiological functions like digestion, excretion, respiration etc. are needed for the proper functioning of the body of an organism and for this, a wide variety of cells are needed in their body.
Ques. Differentiate between voluntary and involuntary muscles. Give one example of each type. [NCERT]
Ans. Voluntary muscles are the ones that can be moved by conscious effort. If someone wants them to move or to stop the movement, they can do it on their own. Muscles of limbs or skeletal muscles are examples of voluntary muscles. Involuntary muscles work on their own. No one can begin or cease the working of involuntary muscles. Cardiac muscles and smooth muscles are some of the examples of involuntary muscles.
Ques. Explain the function of bones.
Ans. Bones are rigid tissues known to give shape and support to the body. It also gives strength to the muscles and functions as the storage site of calcium and phosphate. It also protects the body of an organism by protecting the vital internal organs like brain, lungs, heart, among others.
Long Answer Questions [3 Marks]
Ques. Establish the reason why growth of a plant occurs in specific regions. Also highlight where are the following parts found,
- Intercalary meristem
- Lateral meristem [CCE 2010]
Ans. Meristems are the special tissue found in plants for growth. It is a specialized tissue present in certain parts of the plant namely; apices, nodal areas and sides. In plants, growth occurs only in the regions where meristems are found. Plants usually own a special tissue or meristem for growth. The growth is only witnessed in specific regions like apices, nodal areas and sides.
(a) Intercalary Meristem is found in the base of leaves and above or beneath the nodes of plants.
(b) Lateral Meristem is found in the sides of both the stem and root. It aids the growth of stem girth and its thickness.
Ques. Highlight the key reason why both xylem and phloem are called complex tissues. How are they different from one another?
Ans. Xylem and phloem are made up of various types of cells. That is why it is known as complex tissues. The differences each have are tabulated below.
| Xylem | Phloem |
|---|---|
| Xylem is composed of dead cells, except xylem parenchyma. | Phloem is composed of living cells, except phloem fiber. |
| Xylem aids the transportation of water and minerals from root to different parts of the plant. | It conducts the food prepared in leaves to different parts of the plants including storage and growing parts. |
Ques. Write a short note on the structure and function of the connective tissue called blood.
Ans. Blood is a type of connective tissue. It mainly comprises plasma, RBCs, WBCs, and platelets. Plasma is the liquid part of blood which contains proteins, salts and hormones. The major function of blood is the transportation of hormones, minerals, gasses, digested food, among others to different body parts in animals and humans. It also simultaneously flows into the cardiovascular system in the animal and human body.
Ques. Elaborate the meaning of neuron. Brief the structure and functions of it too.
Ans. Neurons (otherwise known as nerve cells) are the structural and functional unit of the nervous system.
It can be dissected into five parts, which are,
Cyton: It is otherwise known as the cell body. It possesses a central nucleus and cytoplasm. Its main function is the regulation of metabolism.
Axon: The alternate name of axon is nerve fiber. Its function is to carry impulses from the cell body.
Axonites: Axonites are the branches of axon. Carries impulse to the synaptic knob which secretes neurotransmitters.
Dendron: Dendrons are the short filaments from the cell body. It carries impulses from dendrite to the cell body.
Dendrite: Dendrites are the branch of dendrons. It receives impulses from the adjacent neuron.
Very Long Answer Questions [5 Marks]
Ques. Briefly highlight the function of different types of epithelial tissues. Diagrammatically represent each type of epithelial tissue. [NCERT]
Ans. Here is a diagrammatic representation of every Epithelial Tissue:
Epithelial tissues are of four types:
- Simple Squamous Epithelium: Simple squamous epithelium are present in the lining of blood vessels or lung alveoli. It occurs in the part where transportation of substances occurs through a selectively permeable surface.
- Stratified Squamous Epithelium: Stratified squamous epithelium is the type of epithelial cells that are arranged in different layers to prevent wear and tear in the skin. This is also known as stratified squamous epithelium since they are arranged in different patterns of layers.
- Columnar Epithelium: Columnar epithelium is found in the inner lining of the intestine, bronchi, the uterus, among a few others. It occurs in places where absorption and secretion happens. Columnar epithelium has cilia, which are hair-like projections, typically found in the outer surface of epithelial tissue in the respiratory tract. Which gives it the name “ciliated columnar epithelium.”
- Cuboidal Epithelium: Cuboidal epithelium is found in the lining of the kidney tubules and ducts of salivary glands. These provide mechanical support to them. At certain times, a part of epithelial tissue is found like an inward fold and forms a gland. It is known as glandular epithelium.
Check More: Mitochondria and Chloroplast
Ques. Highlight the structure and function of epithelial tissues.
Ans. Epithelial tissues are the protective tissue found upon animal bodies. They usually represent a continuous sheet due to the tight cell package. There is almost no intercellular space in epithelial tissues and only a small amount of cementing material is present in between the cells. This tissue covers almost all the organs and cavities inside the body of an organism. It keeps different parts within the body separate from one another by acting as a barrier between them. Epithelial tissue is found in the skin, lining of blood vessels and mouth, lung, alveoli, kidney tubules and more.
Functions of epithelial tissue include,
- It protects different cells from injury, exposure to chemical effects, drying, and more.
- It prevents the body from being infected with viruses and bacteria.
- It secretes useful chemicals like enzymes, sweat, saliva and so on.
- It also helps to absorb water and other nutrients.
Ques. Differentiate between striated and smooth muscles and also highlight their functions.
Ans. Striated muscles: Striated muscle fibers are very elongated, non-tapering, cylindrical and unbranched. These cells have different numbers of nuclei which are known as sarcolemma. Alternate dark and light striations are present on them. Thus, they are called striated muscles. These muscles are present in limbs, body wall, face, neck, etc. They are very powerful and undergo rapid contraction and expansion. These muscles provide the force for locomotion and all other voluntary movements of the body.
Smooth muscles: Smooth muscles are the ones which occur as bundles or sheets of spindle-shaped cells or fibres.The alternate names for smooth muscles are non-striated or involuntary muscles. These muscle fibers have a single nucleus and they do not bear any stripes or striation on them. These muscles occur in the walls of the alimentary canal and internal organs, ducts of glands and blood vessels. They are also present in the stomach, intestine, ureters, bronchi, iris of the eye, etc. They do not work according to our will, so they are also called involuntary muscles. Smooth muscles contract slowly but they can remain contracted for a long period of time.
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