Where are proteins synthesized inside the cell?

Protein synthesis takes place inside the cell immediately after the transcription process. Transcription leads to mRNA synthesis which makes the amino acid, peptides and protein through translation. In the cell, there are specific sites for each function and production including protein synthesis.

Proteins are synthesized inside the cell in a structure called the ribosome, which is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

  • In eukaryotic cells, the ribosomes are located either in the cytoplasm or on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
  • The location of ribosomes depends on whether the protein being synthesized is meant for secretion or for use within the cell.
  • Once a protein has been synthesized by the ribosome, it may undergo additional modifications or folding in other parts of the cell.
  • For example, proteins that are meant for secretion or for insertion into the cell membrane may undergo further modification in the ER or the Golgi apparatus.

Other proteins may be targeted to specific organelles, such as the mitochondria or the nucleus, for specific functions.


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CBSE CLASS XII Related Questions

  • 1.
    After performing gel electrophoresis, a student observes that DNA fragments are not visible.
    Suggest a reason for this and explain how fragments can be made visible.
    Also explain how a specific DNA fragment can be collected from the gel for further use.


      • 2.
        Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
        India is one of the megadiverse countries housing around 8·1 per cent of global species diversity, although its land area is only 2·4 per cent of the world’s land area. Many of the species are highly threatened due to human activities like deforestation, mining and habitat fragmentation. Laws like Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 were enacted by the Government of India to preserve our biological wealth. Various conservation measures are being implemented to save the threatened species. The following bar graph shows the number of species conserved under different biodiversity conservation methods.

        Which other methods shown in the diagram are opposite to the one identified by you in question ? How are these two conservation approaches different?
        (c) Write two features of Biodiversity hotspots.
        (c) To which category do sacred groves belong and how do they help in bio-conservation?


          • 3.
            "Early and accurate diagnosis of diseases is vital in medical technology."
            Name the conventional methods of diagnosis and their disadvantages.
            Which three diagnostic techniques have been developed through Biotechnology ? Explain how each one helps in detecting diseases.


              • 4.

                Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow: 
                The data below shows the concentration of nicotine smoked by a smoker taking 10puffs/minute.
                 


                  • 5.
                    Cow dung and water are mixed and fed into a biogas plant to allow digestion of biowastes. The person performing this process says that there is no need to provide an inoculum.
                    Do you agree with him? Justify your answer.
                    What happens to the biowaste inside the digester ?
                    (c) Name the useful by-products obtained from this process and mention how they are used.


                      • 6.
                        What is meant by translation in protein synthesis?
                        Explain charging of tRNA (aminoacylation of tRNA) and mention its importance in the process of translation.

                          CBSE CLASS XII Previous Year Papers

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