Explain the problem of ‘low productivity’ of Indian agriculture. Analyse the role of ‘National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture’ to solve this problem.
Show Hint
NMSA is one of the eight missions under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC).
Solution and Explanation
• Agricultural productivity refers to the output generated per unit of land area.
• Despite being an agrarian economy, India's yields for most crops (wheat, rice, pulses) are significantly lower than global averages due to structural and environmental constraints.
• The National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) is a government initiative aimed at making agriculture more productive, sustainable, and climate-resilient.
Step 1: Identify causes of low productivity
Indian agriculture suffers from excessive pressure of population on land, leading to fragmented and small landholdings that hinder the use of modern machinery.
Over-dependence on the erratic monsoon and inadequate irrigation facilities result in frequent crop failures.
Low levels of mechanization, use of low-quality seeds, and insufficient access to modern credit and technology further degrade the yield per hectare.
Step 2: Analyse the role of NMSA
The NMSA focuses on "Soil Health Management" by promoting soil testing and providing Soil Health Cards to help farmers use fertilizers judiciously.
It promotes "On-Farm Water Management" (More Crop Per Drop) through micro-irrigation techniques like drip and sprinkler systems to improve water use efficiency.
The mission encourages "Climate Resilient Agriculture" by promoting crop diversification and integrated farming systems that help farmers adapt to changing weather patterns.
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Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Hunting and Food Gathering
The earliest human beings depended on their immediate environment for their sustenance. They subsisted on: (a) animals which they hunted; and (b) the edible plants which they gathered from forests in the vicinity. Primitive societies depended on wild animals. People located in very cold and extremely hot climates survived on hunting. The people in the coastal areas still catch fish though fishing has experienced modernisation due to technological development. Many species, now have become extinct or endangered due to illegal hunting (poaching). The early hunters used primitive tools made of stones, twigs or arrows so the number of animals killed was limited. Gathering and hunting are the oldest economic activity known. These are carried out at different levels with different orientations. Gathering is practised in regions with harsh climatic conditions. It often involves primitive societies, who extract both plants and animals to satisfy their needs for food, shelter and clothing. This type of activity requires a small amount of capital investment and operates at very low levels of technology. The yield per person is very low and little or no surplus is produced.- Examine the role of climate, water availability, and soil fertility on the distribution of world population.
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Top CBSE CLASS XII Gathering and Hunting Questions
- Hunting and Food Gathering
The earliest human beings depended on their immediate environment for their sustenance. They subsisted on: animals which they hunted; and the edible plants which they gathered from forests in the vicinity.
Primitive societies depended on wild animals. People located in very cold and extremely hot climates survived on hunting. The people in the coastal areas still catch fish though fishing has experienced modernization due to technological development. Many species, now have become extinct or endangered due to illegal hunting (poaching). The early hunters used primitive tools made of stones, twigs or arrows so the number of animals killed was limited. Gathering and hunting are the oldest economic activity known. These are carried out at different levels with different orientations.
Gathering is practised in regions with harsh climatic conditions. It often involves primitive societies, who extract, both plants and animals to satisfy their needs for food, shelter and clothing. This type of activity requires a small amount of capital investment and operates at very low level of technology. The yield per person is very low and little or no surplus is produced. - Explain the main characteristics of 'hunting and gathering' practised in the world.
- Mention a region of Africa where subsistence gathering is practised.
- Name a major area of subsistence gathering in South America.
- Mention a region of Africa where subsistence gathering is practised.
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