Question

Explain the two factors of urbanization in India.

Hint:

Using the "Push-Pull" framework is the standard and most effective way to explain the factors of migration and urbanization.

Answer 1

Urbanization is the process of population shift from rural to urban areas. In India, this process is driven by two main sets of factors:

Rural 'Push' Factors: These are conditions in rural areas that compel people to leave and migrate to cities. Key push factors include:
Agrarian Distress: Lack of employment opportunities in agriculture, small landholdings, poverty, and debt force many to seek alternative livelihoods.

Lack of Amenities: Inadequate access to quality education, healthcare, and modern infrastructure in villages pushes people towards cities.

Urban 'Pull' Factors: These are attractions and opportunities in urban areas that draw people from the countryside. Key pull factors include:
Employment Opportunities: Cities are centers of industry, trade, and services, offering a greater number and variety of jobs with potentially higher wages.

Better Quality of Life: Cities offer better access to higher education, specialized medical facilities, entertainment, and a perception of a more modern and upwardly mobile lifestyle.