Question

Explain the factors responsible for urbanization.

Hint:

The 'Push-Pull' model is the standard and most effective framework for explaining the factors behind any form of migration, including the rural-to-urban migration that drives urbanization.

Answer 1

Urbanization is the process of an increasing proportion of a population living in urban areas. The factors responsible for this can be broadly categorized into 'push' factors (which drive people away from rural areas) and 'pull' factors (which attract people to urban areas).

Rural 'Push' Factors:
Agrarian Distress: Lack of employment opportunities in agriculture due to mechanization, small and fragmented landholdings, and rural poverty compel people to migrate in search of a livelihood.

Lack of Facilities: The absence of quality education, healthcare, and recreational facilities in rural areas pushes people towards cities where these are more readily available.

Social Factors: The rigid social structure and lack of anonymity in villages can also act as a push factor for some individuals seeking social mobility and freedom.

Urban 'Pull' Factors:
Employment Opportunities: Cities are hubs of industrial, commercial, and service sector activities, offering a wide range of job opportunities with the potential for higher income.

Better Infrastructure and Services: Cities provide better access to higher education, specialized medical care, transportation, and communication facilities.

Modern Lifestyle: The lure of a 'modern' lifestyle, with access to entertainment, diverse cultures, and greater personal freedom, acts as a significant pull factor, especially for the youth.