Question

Arrange the following international events in a chronological order starting from old to recent as per their year of enactment.
A. Basel Convention
B. Bamako Convention
C. Paris Agreement on Climate Change
D. Kigali Amendment
E. Kyoto Protocol
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

• A. A, E, C, D, B
• B. D, C, B, A, E
• C. A, E, B, C, D
• D. E, B, A, C, D

Hint:

Chronological Milestones of Key MEAs:
- Basel Convention: 1989 (in force 1992).
- Bamako Convention: 1991 (in force 1998).
- Kyoto Protocol: 1997 (in force 2005).
- Paris Agreement: 2015 (in force 2016).
- Kigali Amendment: 2016 (in force 2019).

Answer 1

The Correct Option is C

Concept:
Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) are international legal treaties designed to address environmental issues such as hazardous waste transport, climate change, and stratospheric ozone depletion.
The timeline of an international treaty includes its initial diplomatic adoption and its formal entry into force (enactment) after ratification by a specified quota of sovereign states.

Step 1: Determining Adoption and Enactment Timelines:
1. Basel Convention (A): On the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. Adopted in 1989; enacted and entered into force on May 5, 1992.
2. Kyoto Protocol (E): Adopted in December 1997 under the UNFCCC framework to establish legally binding greenhouse gas reduction targets for Annex-I developed nations.
3. Bamako Convention (B): Adopted by 12 nations of the Organization of African Unity in 1991 to ban the import of hazardous and radioactive wastes into Africa. It achieved sufficient ratifications to enter into force on April 22, 1998.
4. Paris Agreement on Climate Change (C): Adopted in December 2015 at COP 21; entered into force on November 4, 2016.
5. Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol (D): Adopted in October 2016 to mandate the phase-down of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); entered into force on January 1, 2019.

Step 2: Chronological Ordering from Oldest to Most Recent:
Tracing the sequence:
- Basel Convention: 1989/1992 (A)
- Kyoto Protocol: 1997 (E)
- Bamako Convention: Enacted 1998 (B)
- Paris Agreement: 2015/2016 (C)
- Kigali Amendment: 2016/2019 (D)
This establishes the sequence: A, E, B, C, D.
Final Answer:
The correct chronological sequence is A, E, B, C, D, corresponding to option (C).