The table shows the data of 450 candidates who appeared in the examination of three subjects – Social Science, Mathematics, and Science. How many candidates have passed in at least one subject?
If '$\rightarrow$' denotes increasing order of intensity, then the meaning of the words [simmer $\rightarrow$ seethe $\rightarrow$ smolder] is analogous to [break $\rightarrow$ raze $\rightarrow$ ____________]. Which one of the given options is appropriate to fill the blank?
\[ \begin{array}{|c|l|} \hline \textbf{Theory of Learning} & \textbf{Psychologist} \\ \hline \text{I. Classical Conditioning} & \text{a. Ivan Pavlov} \\ \hline \text{II. Instrumental Conditioning} & \text{b. E. L. Thorndike} \\ \hline \text{III. Insightful Learning} & \text{c. W. Kohler} \\ \hline \text{IV. Trial \& Error Learning} & \text{d. B. F. Skinner} \\ \hline \end{array} \]