Concept:
Ancient forensic and medico-legal references in texts like Kautilya’s Arthashastra describe various modes of death using Sanskrit terminology.
Step 1: Understanding the term “Udbandhanam”.
The term “Udbandhanam” is derived from Sanskrit:
• “Ud” = upward
• “Bandhan” = binding or tying
Thus, it refers to suspension of the body by tying, which corresponds to hanging.
Step 2: Evaluating other options.
• Strangulation – external compression without suspension
• Drowning – death due to submersion in water
• Poisoning – ingestion of toxic substances
None of these match the meaning of “Udbandhanam”.
Step 3: Final evaluation.
Thus, the correct interpretation is hanging.
Final Conclusion:
Hence, the correct answer is option (2).