Question

Which of the following issue is NOT addressed by Eco-feminism?

• A. Animal rights
• B. Agriculture development
• C. Air Pollution
• D. Nuclear weapon policies

Hint:

Ecofeminist issues target the patriarchal domination triad:
1. Domination of female and non-human bodies (Animal rights).
2. Destruction of traditional, female-led biodiversity systems (Agriculture/Seeds).
3. Aggressive military and technological destruction (Nuclear weapons).
Technical pollution issues (such as air pollution monitoring) belong to physical environmental engineering.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is C

Concept:
Ecofeminism is an interdisciplinary branch of environmental philosophy and feminist theory that developed in the late 1970s.
It asserts that a direct ideological and structural connection exists between the patriarchal oppression of women and the mechanistic exploitation of nature.
It deconstructs hierarchical dualisms (culture/nature, male/female, reason/emotion) that justify the domination of living systems.

Step 1: Evaluation of Core Thematic Areas in Ecofeminism:
1. Animal Rights: Ecofeminist scholars such as Carol J. Adams (author of The Sexual Politics of Meat) and Marti Kheel directly link speciesism with sexism. They argue that the exploitation, commodification, and consumption of animal bodies mirror the patriarchal subordination and bodily objectification of women. Animal liberation is therefore a key pillar of ecofeminism.
2. Agriculture Development: Prominent ecofeminist thinkers like Vandana Shiva have written extensively on how modern industrial agriculture undermines traditional farming communities. Monocultures and corporate intellectual property rights over seeds marginalize rural women, who have historically been the primary conservators of indigenous agro-biodiversity.
3. Nuclear Weapon Policies: The historical origins of ecofeminist activism are deeply linked to the anti-nuclear and peace movements, such as the Women's Pentagon Action (1980) and the Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp in the United Kingdom. Ecofeminists criticize nuclear testing, militarism, and weapons of mass destruction as patriarchal expressions of technological domination over life.

Step 2: Identification of Non-Thematic Issue:
Air Pollution: While ecofeminists oppose environmental degradation generally, air pollution is treated primarily as a physical, atmospheric, and chemical engineering problem. It is addressed through emission limits, monitoring protocols, and air quality standards rather than as a core philosophical subject of ecofeminist critique.
Final Answer:
Air pollution is not an issue distinctively addressed as a foundational focus of ecofeminism, corresponding to option (C).