What amount of electric charge is required for the reduction of 1 mole of MnO$_4^{2-}$ into Mn$^{2+}$?
To reduce MnO$_4^{2-}$ to Mn$^{2+}$, we need to consider the change in oxidation state of Mn. In MnO$_4^{2-}$, Mn is in the +2 oxidation state, and in Mn$^{2+}$, Mn is also in the +2 state. Thus, no change in oxidation state occurs. However, the reduction process involves the addition of 2 electrons per ion, and for 1 mole of MnO$_4^{2-}$, 4 moles of electrons are required.
This corresponds to a charge of 4 Faradays.
(a) Calculate the standard Gibbs energy (\(\Delta G^\circ\)) of the following reaction at 25°C:
\(\text{Au(s) + Ca\(^{2+}\)(1M) $\rightarrow$ Au\(^{3+}\)(1M) + Ca(s)} \)
\(\text{E\(^\circ_{\text{Au}^{3+}/\text{Au}} = +1.5 V, E\)\(^\circ_{\text{Ca}^{2+}/\text{Ca}} = -2.87 V\)}\)
\(\text{1 F} = 96500 C mol^{-1}\)
Read the passage given below and answer the question.
Food chains ‘P’ and ‘Q’ form an interconnection. ‘P’ initiates with wheat grass whose population supports a few grasshoppers, frogs and snakes.
‘Q’ starts with dead decaying leaves of wheat grass which are eaten by earthworms and then food chain is continued with frog of food chain ‘P’.
Identify the types of food chains ‘P’ and ‘Q’: