Question

Match the LIST-I with LIST-II

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

• A. A - I, B - II, C - IV, D - III
• B. A - II, B - III, C - I, D - IV
• C. A - III, B - IV, C - II, D - I
• D. A - IV, B - III, C - II, D - I

Hint:

Associate foundational theorists with their frameworks:
Arne Naess $\rightarrow$ Shallow Ecology (utilitarian, anthropocentric).
Murray Bookchin $\rightarrow$ Social Ecology (social hierarchies and class domination).
Karl Marx Eco-socialists $\rightarrow$ Socialist Ecology (capitalist accumulation).
Aldo Leopold $\rightarrow$ Land Ethic and Land Stewardship.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is C

Concept:
Environmental ethics and political ecology evaluate how diverse human philosophical frameworks influence societal interactions with the natural biosphere.
These philosophies vary across a spectrum ranging from anthropocentric resource conservation to systemic sociopolitical critiques of ecological degradation.

Step 1: Ideological Characterization of Each School of Thought:
1. Stewardship of land (A): Stewardship is rooted in the ethical premise that humans are trustees rather than absolute owners of the Earth. It calls for responsible planning and management of resources to safeguard biodiversity and soil health for future generations. Hence, A corresponds to III.
2. Shallow Ecology (B): Conceptualized by Norwegian philosopher Arne Naess, shallow ecology is fundamentally anthropocentric and technocentric. It advocates environmental conservation primarily to prevent resource depletion, minimize pollution for human welfare, and conserve environment only to meet human needs. Hence, B corresponds to IV.
3. Social Ecology (C): Advanced by Murray Bookchin, social ecology asserts that ecological crises are symptoms of underlying societal pathologies. It argues that the psychological urge to dominate nature stems directly from the domination of human by human, asserting that hierarchical and class systems are responsible for environmental degradation. Hence, C corresponds to II.
4. Socialist Ecology (D): Also referred to as eco-socialism, this perspective integrates Marxist political economy with ecological science. It maintains that capitalism is the real cause of environmental degradation because the profit motive and endless capital expansion inherently deplete natural sinks and commodify nature. Hence, D corresponds to I.

Step 2: Correlating Terms with Descriptions:
Matching the items systematically:
A corresponds to III.
B corresponds to IV.
C corresponds to II.
D corresponds to I.
This establishes the sequence: A - III, B - IV, C - II, D - I.
Final Answer:
The matching combination is represented by option (C).