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Consider the following scenario and respond to the questions.
Imagine that society can be divided into Xs and Ys, and X and Y refer to people with different physical characteristics or other characteristics that can easily be observed or discovered, such as race, ethnicity, immigrant status, or religious practices. Within each group, there are good and bad types. Assume that the Xs are wealthier and more politically powerful than the Ys perhaps because they are more numerous, or because they are descended from a politically powerful group. Under such conditions, it is possible that members of X will signal their cooperative propensity by discriminating against the Ys. Discrimination functions as a signal because it is costly (one gives up the opportunity to do business or socialize with Ys who are good types), and because conspiracy theories based on traditional fears of people with physical or cultural differences, or people who are recent arrivals, provide a focal point: given these beliefs, those who discriminate against outsiders will appear to be loyal to the insiders. In equilibrium all or most Xs will avoid Ys (and those who do not will be ostracized by the Xs and may seek refuge with the Ys), and almost all Y’s will avoid the Xs, falling back on each other when it is desirable to enter cooperative ventures. Finally, we assume that because of their political and economic dominance, members of X control the government, including the criminal justice system.
Imagine that society can be divided into Xs and Ys, and X and Y refer to people with different physical characteristics or other characteristics that can easily be observed or discovered, such as race, ethnicity, immigrant status, or religious practices. Within each group, there are good and bad types. Assume that the Xs are wealthier and more politically powerful than the Ys perhaps because they are more numerous, or because they are descended from a politically powerful group. Under such conditions, it is possible that members of X will signal their cooperative propensity by discriminating against the Ys. Discrimination functions as a signal because it is costly (one gives up the opportunity to do business or socialize with Ys who are good types), and because conspiracy theories based on traditional fears of people with physical or cultural differences, or people who are recent arrivals, provide a focal point: given these beliefs, those who discriminate against outsiders will appear to be loyal to the insiders. In equilibrium all or most Xs will avoid Ys (and those who do not will be ostracized by the Xs and may seek refuge with the Ys), and almost all Y’s will avoid the Xs, falling back on each other when it is desirable to enter cooperative ventures. Finally, we assume that because of their political and economic dominance, members of X control the government, including the criminal justice system.
Question: 1
Which of the following observation is incorrect?
Which of the following observation is incorrect?
Updated On: Aug 4, 2024
- If X is a numerically large group, Y comprises of small ethnic groups
- If X is a tiny minority of people with aristocratic lineage, Ys consist of the masses
- Numerical strength of X is always higher than that of Y
- X may or may not be a numerically larger group
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The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
The correct option is (C): Numerical strength of X is always higher than that of Y
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Question: 2
Which of the following observation is incorrect, if the Xs operate the criminal justice system to the disadvantage of the Ys ?
Which of the following observation is incorrect, if the Xs operate the criminal justice system to the disadvantage of the Ys ?
Updated On: Aug 4, 2024
- Ys must rely heavily on each other for protection against criminals
- Ys may form a solidary group and signal their loyalty to the group
- Ys may express loyalty to Ys by engaging in activities that the Xs disapprove of and even punish
- Y who engages in activities disapproved by Xs can never be trusted in comparison with other Ys
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The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
The correct option is (D): Y who engages in activities disapproved by Xs can never be trusted in comparison with other Ys
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Question: 3
Assume that criminal punishments will have different effects on Xs and Ys. Which of the following is incorrect?
Assume that criminal punishments will have different effects on Xs and Ys. Which of the following is incorrect?
Updated On: Aug 4, 2024
- Ys obtain more respect from other Ys when they become subject to criminal punishments
- A criminal punishment will deter a Y less than it will deter a similarly situated X, who obtains no enhanced respect
- Criminal punishments impact Xs and Ys in the same manner so long as the very nature of the punishment is the same
- A ‘Y’ who has a criminal record will not be trusted by Xs
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The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
The correct option is (C): Criminal punishments impact Xs and Ys in the same manner so long as the very nature of the punishment is the same
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Question: 4
Assume that semi-voluntary punishment is a reliable signal of a Y’s loyalty to the other Ys. Which of the following is an incorrect observation?
Assume that semi-voluntary punishment is a reliable signal of a Y’s loyalty to the other Ys. Which of the following is an incorrect observation?
Updated On: Aug 4, 2024
- Y has an incentive to get himself punished by the Xs
- Y may commit a crime even if Y does not have a particular desire to commit a crime
- Y will commit a crime only if X provokes Y to commit a crime
- A criminal punishment that was kept hidden from the public would deter a Y from crime more effectively than a criminal punishment that broadcasts his offense
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The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
The correct option is (C): Y will commit a crime only if provokes Y to commit a crime
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