Question

Arrange the following in a chronological manner. (A) Ashtadhyayi of Panini
(B) The works of Kalidasa
(C) Compilation of the Puranas (in Sanskrit)
(D) Natyashastra of Bharata Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

• A. D, C, A, B
• B. B, A, D, C
• C. A, D, C, B
• D. A, C, D, B

Hint:

A useful mnemonic for literary chronology: **Grammar (Panini)** always comes first to define the language, then **Theories (Natyashastra)** to define the arts, and finally **Epics/Stories (Puranas/Kalidasa)** to utilize them.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is C

Concept: The chronology of ancient Indian literature is determined by linguistic analysis and historical references within the texts. Sanskrit literature evolved from foundational grammar to specialized treatises on arts, followed by the codification of religious myths and classical poetry.
Step 1:Determining the historical period of each work.

• (A) Ashtadhyayi of Panini (c. 5th–4th Century BCE): This is the foundational text of Sanskrit grammar. Panini's work predates most classical Sanskrit literature and set the standard for the language.
• (D) Natyashastra of Bharata (c. 2nd Century BCE – 2nd Century CE): This is the earliest and most comprehensive treatise on performing arts, including drama, dance, and music. It belongs to the post-Mauryan/early classical period.
• (C) Compilation of the Puranas (c. 3rd – 6th Century CE): Although the oral traditions are older, the major Sanskrit Puranas were compiled and given their final shape during the Gupta period.
• (B) The works of Kalidasa (c. 4th – 5th Century CE): Kalidasa is widely considered the greatest poet and dramatist of classical Sanskrit. He is traditionally associated with the court of Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya) during the height of the Gupta Empire.

Step 2:Establishing the Chronological Sequence.
Ordering these by their approximate period of composition/compilation: 1. Ashtadhyayi (Grammar - 500 BCE) $\rightarrow$ A 2. Natyashastra (Performing Arts - 100 BCE/CE) $\rightarrow$ D 3. Compilation of Puranas (Religious Texts - 300 CE onwards) $\rightarrow$ C 4. Works of Kalidasa (Classical Poetry/Drama - 400 CE) $\rightarrow$ B The correct sequence is A, D, C, B.