Which one of the following symbols represents mating between relatives in human pedigree analysis?
The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
In pedigree analysis, we use symbols to show family relationships. The question asks which symbol shows mating between relatives, like cousins.
- A square means a male, and a circle means a female.
- A single line between them means they are married or mating.
- A double line between them means they are relatives who are mating.
Looking at the options:
- Option 1: A square and a diamond with a line (this shows a parent and child, not mating between relatives).
- Option 2: A square and a circle with a single line (this is a normal marriage, not between relatives).
- Option 3: A square and a circle with a double line (this shows mating between relatives, like cousins).
- Option 4: A square, circle, and more lines (this shows a family tree, not specifically mating between relatives).
So, the correct answer is :-
Option (C) depicts the mating process between closely related individuals 
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Concepts Used:
Principles of Inheritance and Variation - Mutation
A Mutation is a change in the sequence of our DNA base pairs caused by numerous environmental stimuli such as UV light or mistakes during DNA replication. Germline mutations take place in the eggs and sperm and can be passed onto offspring, whereas somatic mutations take place in body cells and are not passed on.
Types of Mutations
There are three types of mutations, which are as follows:
Silent mutation
It refers to any change in DNA sequence that has no effect on the amino acid sequence in a protein or the functions that a protein performs. There is no phenotypic indication that a mutation has occurred.
Nonsense mutation
When there is a change in the sequence of base pairs due to a point mutation, that results in a stop codon. This leads to a protein that is either shortened or non-functional.
Missense mutation
A missense mutation occurs when a point mutation causes a change in the codon, which then codes for another amino acid.
The mutation is caused by the following factors:
Internal Causes
When DNA copies incorrectly, the majority of mutations occur. Evolution occurs as a result of all of these mutations. DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division. When a copy of DNA isn't flawless, it's called a mutation since it differs somewhat from the original DNA.
External Causes
When certain chemicals or radiations are used to break down DNA, it causes the DNA to break down. The thymine dimers are broken by UV radiation, resulting in altered DNA.