Question

Which of the following is NOT a feature of pre-conventional morality?

• A. Rules are seen as fixed and unchangeable
• B. Rules are obeyed to avoid punishment
• C. Actions are judged as good or bad based on outcomes
• D. Actions are judged as good or bad based on intention to do harm

Hint:

Pre-conventional Morality = Rewards/Punishment + Physical Outcomes. Post-conventional Morality = Principles + Intentions.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is D

Step 1: Understanding the Question:
The question tests knowledge of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of Moral Development, specifically the characteristics of the first level (Pre-conventional).

Step 2: Detailed Explanation:

• Pre-conventional morality is typically seen in young children. At this level, morality is externally controlled.

• Features include: Rules are absolute/unchangeable (A), obedience is driven by the fear of punishment (B), and "rightness" is determined by physical consequences or rewards (C).

• Judging actions based on the "intention" (D) is a feature of more advanced moral reasoning (Conventional or Post-conventional levels).

• For a pre-conventional child, breaking 10 cups by accident is "worse" than breaking 1 cup on purpose, because the "outcome" (10 broken cups) is larger.

• Only as children move toward the "autonomous" or "conventional" stage do they begin to consider the subjective intent behind an action.

Step 3: Final Answer: Judging based on "intention to do harm" is not a feature of pre-conventional morality.