$1.5 \times 10^{-4} \text{ Pascals}$
$6 \times 10^{-5} \text{ Pascals}$
$3 \times 10^{-5} \text{ Pascals} $
\( P_{rad} = \frac{2I}{C} \)
Where I = intensity at surface C = Speed of light \( Power = \frac{450}{Area} = \frac{450}{4\pi r^2} \)
\( I = \frac{450}{4\pi \times 4} = \frac{450}{16\pi} \)
\( P_{rad} = \frac{2 \times 450}{16\pi \times 3 \times 10^8} = \frac{150}{8\pi \times 10^8} \)
\( = 5.97 \times 10^{-8} \approx 6 \times 10^{-8} \) Pascals

The output (Y) of the given logic implementation is similar to the output of an/a …………. gate.
Consider the following logic circuit.
The output is Y = 0 when :

The logic gate equivalent to the combination of logic gates shown in the figure is 
A square loop of sides \( a = 1 \, {m} \) is held normally in front of a point charge \( q = 1 \, {C} \). The flux of the electric field through the shaded region is \( \frac{5}{p} \times \frac{1}{\varepsilon_0} \, {Nm}^2/{C} \), where the value of \( p \) is: