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The crisis of justice that is the subject matter of discussion in the media today is in fact the crisis of “justice for the middle class”. The main difference between India and the OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries is that whereas the middle class in these countries has reasonable access to justice, in India it does not. A vocal and powerful middle class has emerged in India since 1991. It is demanding reasonable access to justice. Much of the judicial reform effort will help meet this demand…
The question of justice for the poor is, however, an altogether different challenge. No country in the world has been able to secure justice for the poor. Most of the jails of the richest countries are filled with the poorest. The “masses” are more often victims of the criminal justice system than of crime. In India as well, jails are almost exclusively filled with the poor. The civil justice system is hardly accessible to them. They are often victimised by lawyers, touts and court staff. They are docket-excluded, a new type of untouchability. The language and the logic—and the colonial and feudal culture—of the judicial system are alien to them. It rarely takes cognisance of their needs and interests.
Their main concern, therefore, is to escape the attention of the justice system, criminal and civil. A landless Dalit person in the interior of Madhya Pradesh once gave me an insightful definition of a court from the perspective of the masses: “A court is a place where you are forcibly taken by the police to be punished; no one goes to a court.” In contrast, many lawyers and judges colloquially define a court as “a temple of justice where rights are protected”.
These sharply divergent visions mean that justice for one section is often injustice for another. Protecting the livelihood of traditional taxi and auto drivers from predatory pricing by corporate app-based taxi providers by imaginatively using the available tools of law to delay their incursion would be seen by the rich and by sections of the middle class as a failure of the judicial system, and possibly as also resulting in a downgrading of the “ease of doing business” measure. However, the masses would see such a judicial intervention as strong evidence of a good justice system. Although the conflict over competing visions of the nation and conflicting demands from social and economic segments have confined judicial reform of judicial administration mainly to “neutral” areas such as process reform, procedural law, technology, planning and court and case management, judge strength, and the workload of judges, there has been considerable improvement in these areas, and the judicial system has improved its performance.
[Extracted, with edits, from “Justice and the Two Ideas of India”, by G. Mohan Gopal, Frontline]
The question of justice for the poor is, however, an altogether different challenge. No country in the world has been able to secure justice for the poor. Most of the jails of the richest countries are filled with the poorest. The “masses” are more often victims of the criminal justice system than of crime. In India as well, jails are almost exclusively filled with the poor. The civil justice system is hardly accessible to them. They are often victimised by lawyers, touts and court staff. They are docket-excluded, a new type of untouchability. The language and the logic—and the colonial and feudal culture—of the judicial system are alien to them. It rarely takes cognisance of their needs and interests.
Their main concern, therefore, is to escape the attention of the justice system, criminal and civil. A landless Dalit person in the interior of Madhya Pradesh once gave me an insightful definition of a court from the perspective of the masses: “A court is a place where you are forcibly taken by the police to be punished; no one goes to a court.” In contrast, many lawyers and judges colloquially define a court as “a temple of justice where rights are protected”.
These sharply divergent visions mean that justice for one section is often injustice for another. Protecting the livelihood of traditional taxi and auto drivers from predatory pricing by corporate app-based taxi providers by imaginatively using the available tools of law to delay their incursion would be seen by the rich and by sections of the middle class as a failure of the judicial system, and possibly as also resulting in a downgrading of the “ease of doing business” measure. However, the masses would see such a judicial intervention as strong evidence of a good justice system. Although the conflict over competing visions of the nation and conflicting demands from social and economic segments have confined judicial reform of judicial administration mainly to “neutral” areas such as process reform, procedural law, technology, planning and court and case management, judge strength, and the workload of judges, there has been considerable improvement in these areas, and the judicial system has improved its performance.
[Extracted, with edits, from “Justice and the Two Ideas of India”, by G. Mohan Gopal, Frontline]
Question: 1
What is the central thesis of the above extract?
What is the central thesis of the above extract?
Updated On: Aug 21, 2024
- The practice of untouchability takes various forms in modern India.
- The imagination of justice for the rich and poor is vastly different.
- Addressing judge strength and case-load management does not affect the performance of the judicial system.
- Protecting the livelihood of traditional taxi drivers is contrary to the goals of ease of doing business
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The Correct Option is B
Solution and Explanation
The Correct Answe is option (B): The imagination of justice for the rich and poor is vastly different.
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Question: 2
What does the author mean by ‘docket-excluded’ in the second paragraph?
What does the author mean by ‘docket-excluded’ in the second paragraph?
Updated On: Aug 21, 2024
- The poor do not have easy access to the justice system.
- Courts do not list bail petitions of poor undertrial prisoners who populate the country’s jails.
- The poor reject the judicial system as being alien to their language and logic.
- The rich are excluded from the country’s prisons, which are mostly populated by the poor.
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The Correct Option is A
Solution and Explanation
The Correct Answe is option (A): The poor do not have easy access to the justice system.
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Question: 3
Which of the following words best describes the experience of different segments of people with the justice system as described in the third paragraph?
Which of the following words best describes the experience of different segments of people with the justice system as described in the third paragraph?
Updated On: Aug 21, 2024
- Symbiotic
- Affective
- Conflicting
- Inter-dependent
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The Correct Option is C
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The Correct Answe is option (C): Conflicting
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Question: 4
Which of the following statements is the author most likely to agree with?
Which of the following statements is the author most likely to agree with?
Updated On: Aug 21, 2024
- The judicial system reflects the same power relationships as those that exist in society.
- Access to the judicial system is determined more by a person’s economic status such as wealth and income, than by their social status, such as religion and caste.
- The judicial system was made by the rich, for the rich, of the rich.
- None of the above.
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The Correct Option is A
Solution and Explanation
The Correct Answe is option (A): The judicial system reflects the same power relationships as those that exist in society.
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Question: 5
Which of the following statements is the author most likely to disagree with?
Which of the following statements is the author most likely to disagree with?
Updated On: Aug 15, 2024
- A truly representative democracy would ensure that the interests of the poor are also represented in the judicial system.
- The Law ensures equality both in text and in practise.
- The poor suffer most at the hands of lawyers and touts, compared to judges who might still pronounce judgments in their favour from time to time.
- All of the above.
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The Correct Option is B
Solution and Explanation
The Correct Answe is option (B): The Law ensures equality both in text and in practise.
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Question: 6
What makes reform of judicial administration a ‘neutral’ area?
What makes reform of judicial administration a ‘neutral’ area?
Updated On: Aug 2, 2024
- Persons across socio-economic strata agree on the need to reform judicial administration.
- There is consensus among political parties across the ideological and regional spectrum on reforms to judicial administration.
- Reforms to judicial administration do not favour one class of people over another
- Reform of judicial administration is mandated by the Constitution, and thus lies beyond political considerations.
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The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
The Correct Answe is option (C): Reforms to judicial administration do not favour one class of people over another
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Top Questions on Reading Comprehension
- This particular scepticism of the reach of reasoning ____1 ____ not yield nor (as Appiah makes clear) is it intended to yield any ground for not using reason to the extent one can, in ____ 2 ____ the idea of justice or any other notion of social relevance,such as identity.Nor does it undermine the case for our trying to persuade each other to scrutinize our respective conclusions.It is also important to note that what may appear to others as clear examples of 'unreason' may not always be exactly that.Reasoned discussion can accommodate conflicting positions that may appear to others to be 'unreasoned prejudice,without this being quite the case.There is no compulsion, as is sometimes____3____to eliminate every reasoned alternative except exactly one.
In the above passage there are blanks, each of which has been numbered.Find out the appropriate option in each case to replace the given numbers.
Pick the appropriate replacement for (II)- CMAT - 2024
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- Read the following passage and answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate answer.
Linguistics, an intricate and ever-evolving academic discipline, has undergone a remarkable transformation in recent decades, transcending its origins as a mere study of language to become a profound exploration of the complexities of human cognition and communication. The expanding purview of linguistics is a testament to its growing significance in understanding our world and enhancing our technological prowess. One of the most fundamental paradigm shift within linguistics has been its transition from a prescriptive to a descriptive approach. Early linguistic studies, embodied by the structuralist principles of Ferdinand de Saussure, predominantly focused on normative rules and language structures. However, the advent of modern linguistics, spearheaded by Noam Chomsky’s groundbreaking generative grammar theory, has heralded a new era of linguistic inquiry—one that seeks to understand not how languages should be used but how they are used in practice. This transformation has enabled linguists to uncover the underlying universals that govern human language, revealing its intricate tapestry. The synergy between linguistics and computer science has been instrumental in shaping our digital age. The birth of computational linguistics has given rise to transformative technologies, such as machine translation, speech recognition, and sentiment analysis. These applications, weaving the intricacies of human language with cutting-edge technology, have revolutionised fields as diverse as e-commerce, healthcare, and social media. The confluence of linguistics and computer science continues to chart new frontiers, shedding light on the symbiotic relationship between humans and machines. Moreover, interdisciplinary collaborations have propelled linguistics into uncharted territories. Cognitive linguistics marries linguistic theory with insights from psychology, neuroscience, and anthropology, unravelling the profound interplay between language and human cognition. Sociolinguistics and anthropological linguistics delve into the social and cultural dimensions of language, elucidating linguistic variations and their socio-cultural implications. This interdisciplinary nexus enriches our understanding of how language permeates all facets of human life.- AILET BALLB (Hons.) - 2024
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It is not surprising that students are experiencing a wide range of mental health challenges, such as paralyzing stress, anxiety and depression. In 2021-22, the National Health Survey found that college students’ anxiety and depression were at historic levels, with 37 percent reporting some anxiety and 44 percent experiencing some depression in the two weeks prior to the survey. Moreover, approximately 83 percent reported that emotional or mental difficulties had impaired their academic performance at some time during the month prior to taking the survey. Although some observers might try to dismiss these statistics as just a result of the pandemic, national data suggest that mental health issues were on the rise before the virus arrived. It is vital that institutions pay more attention and take more responsibility for their part in causing these trends. Research in this area suggests that cultivating caring, affirming and connected communities on college campuses is critical when it comes to mental health. Networks of professors, staff and fellow students who care can become lifelines when college stressors become all consuming. And if colleges affirm student cultures, values and identities, they can boost students’ self-esteem and sense of empowerment, help them feel less isolated and promote a greater sense of belonging. Prioritizing caring, connected and affirming communities helps more students thrive. A curriculum that allows students to simultaneously deepen their connections to their community’s cultural values and their learning environment can help them feel like they belong to both. Research also shows that culturally relevant learning experiences improve academic success. Campuses therefore should provide mental health services that are culturally responsive, via professionals who understand diverse student backgrounds and experiences. Offering counselling services, support groups and outreach programs designed for diverse communities can help students feel understood and supported.- AILET BALLB (Hons.) - 2024
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In recent years, electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a catalyst for change, not only in terms of sustainable transportation but also in empowering individuals to become micro-entrepreneurs. Particularly in Tier 2 markets, where access to traditional job opportunities may be limited, EVs have opened up new avenues for women to assert their economic independence and contribute significantly to household income. According to our data, an inspiring 25% of women in these markets have embraced the EV platform as a means to earn their livelihoods. Electric vehicles, be it e-rickshaws, e-carts, or e-bikes, offer an affordable and eco-friendly mode of transportation that can be easily adopted by individuals. This has allowed women to enter various service sectors like last-mile delivery, transportation, and local commuting, empowering them to generate income and uplift their communities.- AILET BALLB (Hons.) - 2024
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Why do we relentlessly pursue these gleaming awards and coveted certificates? These tokens of recognition, ranging from simple course completion certificates to the grandeur of global trophies, what drives us? Do we not have an innate sense of our own value? The human pursuit of accolades and certificates, an intricate interplay of self-worth, external validation, and societal pressures. At the heart of our chase for these honours lies an unquenchable thirst for acknowledgment and validation. No matter how confident or self-assured one may be, the allure of external validation is irresistible. It’s not about doubting our capabilities; it’s about the affirmation that our dedication and hard work have been seen, recognized, and applauded. In this light, awards and certificates stand not just as tokens but as symbols of our relentless pursuit of excellence. Our relentless pursuit of accolades is deeply woven into the fabric of our society. From an early age, we are indoctrinated to compete, to shine in academics, sports, or our careers. Society’s measure of success often hinges on these tangible milestones, which illustrate our ability not just to meet but to exceed expectations. Moreover, these recognitions bestow an unparalleled sense of accomplishment and pride. They are emblematic of the tireless hours, the unwavering dedication, and the indomitable spirit invested in chasing our dreams. This recognition is transformative, elevating an individual’s self-esteem, inspiring them to reach for the stars, and to redefine their self-worth. The satisfaction gleaned from these acknowledgments extends beyond the realm of external validation; it is an ode to personal growth. However, as we embark on this relentless journey, we must tread with caution. A relentless pursuit of external validation can lead to a superficial sense of self-worth. A person’s true worth cannot be distilled from the certificates adorning their walls or the trophies glittering on their shelves. Intrinsic motivation and personal fulfilment must hold equal sway. To conclude, our burning desire for awards and certificates mirrors our unyielding quest for recognition, validation, and the unquenchable sense of accomplishment they bring. These accolades undeniably hold great significance, but we must not forget that our self-worth should not be tethered solely to the whims of external validation. Our achievements are undeniably important, but they represent just one facet of our intricate, multi-dimensional identities.- AILET BALLB (Hons.) - 2024
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Questions Asked in CLAT exam
- A survey was conducted about the population of a particular region having working population of three lacs and information was collected about self-employed persons, casual wage workers, regular salaries employees of both urban and rural areas of the region. Self-employment is a key source of income in both rural and urban areas but it is more prevalent in rural areas (56% of the rural population) than in urban areas (40% of the urban population). Rural population was 48% of the total population. Regular salaried workers in urban areas were 48% of the urban population whereas in rural areas, regular salaried workers constituted 12% of the rural population. During the survey, the casual wage workers were found to be more common in rural areas than in urban areas. Casual wage workers in rural areas were 32% of the rural population whereas it was 12% of the urban population in urban areas.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions- CLAT - 2024
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Based on the above information, answer the following questions.- CLAT - 2024
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- In a world where aspirations for upward mobility are fervent, the opportunities for achieving such dreams remain limited. When one generation falls short, the mantle of ambition passes to the next, embedding within it a heavy burden of responsibility. Failing to meet these expectations can lead to profound sorrow, and in the direst cases, even to suicide. It’s in this landscape that coaching institutes assume a significant role, cultivating an atmosphere of uncertainty among students and parents. A stark discrepancy emerges between preparation for board examinations and competitive tests, amplifying the inequalities that plague the education system. The coaching industry’s massive marketing campaigns further exacerbate the situation, with some strategies veering into ethical grey areas. The tests themselves, designed to be more challenging than standardised exams, set the stage for feelings of inadequacy and self-doubt when not conquered. Our educational system is tailored to gauge an individual’s merit through examinations. Eminent thinker Michael J Sandel dubs this system the “tyranny of merit”, a sentiment echoed by the Supreme Court of India. Upholding the OBC reservation judgment, the Court called for a deeper evaluation of the “idea of merit”, highlighting its nuanced nature. Merit as a concept remains shrouded in misunderstanding and often goes unexamined within school curriculum. Adapting to new living arrangements, sourcing nourishing meals, battling isolation, and grappling with commutes form the backdrop against, which education unfolds. For marginalised communities and gender minorities, these hurdles are often amplified. Social media algorithms exacerbate mental health concerns, sowing loneliness and impeding attention spans and creativity. Technology emerges as a potential equaliser in this landscape. Online platforms now offer preparation opportunities from the comfort of one’s home. Government-curated or market-driven content could usher in a new era of accessibility.
- CLAT - 2024
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As you begin your investigation, you gather information and observe the following:
• The company recently introduced a new production system that is more automated but requires highly specialized operators.
• The workforce has reported a lack of motivation and job satisfaction, which has led to increased absenteeism.
• There have been several breakdowns in the new machinery, leading to production delays and quality issues.
• The company’s competitors have adopted similar automation technologies and are experiencing increased productivity.
• Customer complaints about product quality have increased in recent months.- CLAT - 2024
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- Students have been abuzz over how artificial intelligence tools can do their homework and programmers over how these can increase their productivity or take away their jobs. As much as digitization has transformed the country in recent years, there is a widespread feeling that at some point around the horizon, AI shall rejig everything in even more fundamental, fantastic, and frightening ways. This is why deciding how the coming changes should be regulated is very important. TRAI has made a strong case for an independent statutory authority to ensure the responsible development and use of AI in the country, a global agency along similar lines shall likely be pitched at the G20 leaders’ summit, and interestingly even American MNC Microsoft has floated a blueprint for AI governance in India. The great size and diversity of its “data points” make India of great interest to all developers of AI technologies.
But India is only at their receiving end, nowhere close to the US and China’s advances. Although lately, it is becoming obvious how much state censorship is encumbering China’s large language modeling, the country is still very much in the game with PhDs in fields related to AI, investments in AI chip hardware design, and domestic generative models like Wu Dao. The scientific accomplishments of India’s Chandrayaan mission have seen it being wooed for various international space collaborations. This promises spinoff technological benefits across Indian industry and is also geo-strategically useful. Likewise, it is only with sufficient AI prowess that India shall really get to play at the high table of global rulemaking for AI.
Knowing how much Indians’ future shall be shaped by generative AI needs matching efforts to create indigenous models. In this and at this stage, a proactive government role is key, rather than just waiting on some large corporation to do the needful. Missing this bus will after all be even more costly than missing the chip research one. Plus, GOI alone can push academia-industry collaborations with the necessary weight and urgency. This does not let other institutions off the hook. A US judge has rejected the copyright for an AI-generated artwork. Indian courts should start engaging with the broader issue of non-human agency rather than wait for precedence to be set elsewhere. Indian schools need to think beyond the ban-ChatGPT mindset. Let us lead instead of only being led.
[Extracted from “First, get the tech: Unless India develops domestic AI heft, it wouldn’t play any meaningful part in global regulatory efforts”, Times of India]- CLAT - 2024
- Verbal Reasoning
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