Question:
Spatial horizontal transmission of fungal plant diseases as is mostly facilitated by
Spatial horizontal transmission of fungal plant diseases as is mostly facilitated by
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Fungal spores are dispersed predominantly by abiotic physical forces: Wind (anemochory) and Rain splash/water (hydrochory).
Updated On: Sep 15, 2026
- Sexually produced spores
- Asexually produced spores
- Biotic vectors
- Abiotic vectors
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The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
Plant disease dissemination across spatial geographic gradients occurs via living (biotic) or non-living physical (abiotic) vectors.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
Spatial horizontal transmission of fungal foliar plant pathogens (rusts, smuts, powdery mildews, leaf spots) across agricultural fields is predominantly mediated by abiotic environmental vectors, primarily turbulent wind currents (anemochory) and rain splash irrigation water droplets (hydrochory).
Biotic insect vectors play a major role in plant viruses and phytoplasmas rather than most fungal pathogens.
Step 3: Final Answer:
Hence, spatial horizontal transmission of fungal diseases is mostly facilitated by abiotic vectors.
Plant disease dissemination across spatial geographic gradients occurs via living (biotic) or non-living physical (abiotic) vectors.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
Spatial horizontal transmission of fungal foliar plant pathogens (rusts, smuts, powdery mildews, leaf spots) across agricultural fields is predominantly mediated by abiotic environmental vectors, primarily turbulent wind currents (anemochory) and rain splash irrigation water droplets (hydrochory).
Biotic insect vectors play a major role in plant viruses and phytoplasmas rather than most fungal pathogens.
Step 3: Final Answer:
Hence, spatial horizontal transmission of fungal diseases is mostly facilitated by abiotic vectors.
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