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In many underdeveloped countries, the state plays an important and increasingly varied role in economic development today. There are four general arguments, all of them related, for state participation in economic development. First, the entrance requirements in terms of financial and capital equipment are very large in industries, and the size of these obstacles will sere as barriers to entry on the part of private investors. One can imagine that these obstacles are imposing in industries such as steel production, automobiles, electronics, and parts of the textiles industry. In addition, there are what Myint calls “technical indivisibilities in social overhead capital.” Public utilities, transport, and communication facilities must be in place before industrial development can occur, and they do not lend themselves to small-scale improvements. A related argument centres on the demand side of the economy. This economy is seen as fragmented, disconnected, and incapable of using inputs from other parts of the economy. Consequently, economic activity in one part of the economy does not generate the dynamism in other sectors that is expected in more cohesive economies. Industrialization necessarily involves many different, sectors; economic enterprises will thrive best in an environment in which they draw on inputs from related economic sectors and, in turn, release their own goods for industrial utilization within their own economies. A third argument concerns the low-level equilibrium trap in which less developed countries find themselves. At subsistence levels, societies consume exactly what they produce. There is no remaining surplus for reinvestment. As per-capita income rises, however, the additional income will not be used for saving and investment. Instead, it will have the effect of increasing the population that will eat up the surplus and force the society to its former subsistence position. Fortunately, after a certain point, the rate of population growth will decrease; economic growth will intersect with and eventually outstrip population growth. The private sector, however, will not be able to provide the one-shot large dose of capital to push economic growth beyond those levels where population increases eat up the incremental advances. The final argument concerns the relationship between delayed development and the state. Countries wishing to industrialize today have more competitors, and these competitors occupy a more differnentiated industrial terrain than previously. This means that the available niches in the international system are more limited.For today’s industrializers, therefore, the process of industrialization cannot be a haphazard affair, not can the pace, content, and direction be left, solely to market forces. Part of the reason for strong state presence, then, relates specifically to the competitive international environment in which modern countries and firms must operate.
Question: 1
What does the author suggest about the “technical indivisibilities in social overhead capital”?
What does the author suggest about the “technical indivisibilities in social overhead capital”?
Updated On: Oct 24, 2024
- It is a barrier to private investment
- It enhances the development effects of private sector investment
- It leads to rapid technological progress
- It can prevent development from occurring
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The Correct Option is A
Solution and Explanation
It is imposing (not possible for private investment), yet a prerequisite for industrial development.
The Correct options is (A): It is a barrier to private investment
The Correct options is (A): It is a barrier to private investment
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Question: 2
According to the passage, the “low-level equilibrium trap” in underdeveloped countries results from
According to the passage, the “low-level equilibrium trap” in underdeveloped countries results from
Updated On: Oct 24, 2024
- the inability of market forces to overcome the effects of population growth
- intervention of the state in economic development
- the tendency for societies to produce more than they can use
- the fragmented and disconnected nature of the demand side of the economy.
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The Correct Option is A
Solution and Explanation
Referred directly in the middle of the passage, “Industrialization necessarily involves many different, sectors; economic enterprises will thrive best in an environment in which they draw on inputs from related economic sectors and, in turn, release their own goods for industrial utilization within their own economies. A third argument concerns the low-level equilibrium trap in which less developed countries find themselves.”
The correct option is (A): the inability of market forces to overcome the effects of population growth
The correct option is (A): the inability of market forces to overcome the effects of population growth
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Question: 3
According to the author, a strong state presence is necessary
According to the author, a strong state presence is necessary
Updated On: Oct 24, 2024
- to provide food for everyone
- to provide the capital needed to spur economic growth
- to ensure the livelihood of workers
- to ensure that people have more than what is necessary for subsistence
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The Correct Option is B
Solution and Explanation
Mentioned in the last sentence of the passage, “Part of the reason for strong state presence, then, relates specifically to the competitive international environment in which modern countries and firms must operate.”
The correct option is (B): to provide the capital needed to spur economic growth
The correct option is (B): to provide the capital needed to spur economic growth
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Question: 4
In the passage, the world ‘cohesive’ means
In the passage, the world ‘cohesive’ means
Updated On: Oct 24, 2024
- containing many cohorts or groups
- modern and competitive
- naturally and logically connected
- containing many different sectors
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The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
In the passage, the world ‘cohesive’ means naturally and logically connected.
The correct option is (C): naturally and logically connected
The correct option is (C): naturally and logically connected
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Question: 5
In the passage, the word ‘imposing’ means
In the passage, the word ‘imposing’ means
Updated On: Oct 24, 2024
- Something huge
- something that strikes a pose
- something that obtrudes on others
- to force on someone
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The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
Imposing means “force (an unwelcome decision or ruling) on someone.”
The correct option is (D): to force on someone
The correct option is (D): to force on someone
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Top Questions on Reading Comprehension
- Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed human life with innovations ranging from personalized recommendations to breakthroughs in healthcare and education. Despite these advances, experts warn about AI’s potential destructiveness if left unchecked. Au- tonomous systems, such as self-driving cars, could cause accidents due to unforeseen errors. Additionally, AI-powered surveillance systems pose risks to privacy and civil liberties, as governments and corporations might misuse them to monitor individuals.
One of the gravest concerns is the development of autonomous weapons, which could make life-and-death decisions without human oversight, leading to ethical dilemmas and potential large-scale harm. Furthermore, AI systems can perpetuate biases, resulting in unfair outcomes in hiring, credit allocation, and judicial decisions.
Efforts to address these concerns include the formulation of ethical guidelines, the promotion of transparency in AI systems, and the regulation of AI applications. Collab- oration between policymakers, technologists, and ethicists is crucial to ensure AI remains a force for good. However, as AI continues to evolve rapidly, striking a balance between innovation and responsibility remains an ongoing challenge.- CAT - 2024
- Verbal Ability & Reading Comprehension (VARC)
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- As the weather changes, everyone is prone to colds and coughs. While we have all heard about the benefits of vitamin C for colds, few of us are aware of a secret solution– Zinc! Zinc is helpful as it can reduce the severity and duration of respiratory tract infections. It soothes sore throats with its anti-inflammatory properties. It plays a pivotal role in supporting various functions of the body like the immune system, wound healing and maintaining overall health. It prevents viruses from growing in the body. Zinc is also known to boost the immune system and fight infections. Notably, zinc is a vital mineral found in a variety of plant and animal foods. When consuming zinc-rich foods during a cough and cold, prioritise moderation and diversity in your diet. Include lean meats, poultry, sea food, dairy, nuts and seeds. Combine zinc-rich foods with vitamin C sources for enhanced immune support. Phytates, a substance found in unprocessed whole grains hinder the absorption of zinc, thereby making it less avail able for the body to utilise. Hence, vegetarians should follow some cooking techniques such as soaking them for 5-6 hours to reduce the phytate content and increase the bioavailability of zinc. Organic acids in fermented foods aid in higher absorption, so always include foods in your diet like buttermilk and yogurt along with some zinc-rich vegetarian sources. It is important to remember that a higher dosage of zinc supplement inhibits the absorption of other minerals. Therefore, it is always good to check with the healthcare professionals while taking supplements. Stay hydrated, choose cooking methods that preserve zinc, and be aware of factors like phytates affecting absorption.
- CUET (UG) - 2024
- English
- Reading Comprehension
- Read the passage carefully and answer the question given below by selecting the correct option:
On September 30, 2001, I (Dr APJ Abdul Kalam) found myself on a journey from Ranchi to Bokaro in Jharkhand. The helicopter carrying me crashed just before landing, its engine failing with a thud upon impact. Miraculously, all on board escaped unharmed. Grateful to God, I proceeded with my scheduled programme in Bokaro, unfazed by the incident. That night, doctors suggested a tranquilliser to ease perceived shock, leading to an early and disturbed sleep, filled with contemplation.
Amidst this intense dream, I stood in a moonlit desert with five revered figures: Mahatma Gandhi, Albert Einstein, Emperor Asoka, Abraham Lincoln, and Caliph Omar. Asoka’s reflection on the Kalinga war symbolised a shift from conquest to compassion, inspiring a doctrine of non-violence, Ahimsa Dharma.
In this profound dream-conversation, these figures shared wisdom on humanity’s deep divisions caused by violence. They emphasised peace, equality, and the significance of ethical values in human consciousness. Asoka, having witnessed the consequences of his victories, highlighted the futility of causing suffering and the triumph of a peaceful kingdom.
Awakening from this vivid dream, I contemplated the contrasting forces of good and destruction in the world. The challenges faced by humanity, from conflicts to natural disasters and terrorism, prompted deep reflection. Yet, despite these challenges, I held a determined belief
in finding an everlasting solution.
Motivated by this dream and a desire to contribute to the greater good, I made a significant decision. Shifting focus from my scientific career, awards, and teams, I aimed to discover India’s true essence in its children. This marked a transcendence of personal achievements, emphasising the importance of nurturing enlightened individuals and fostering the inner, higher self in the youth. My commitment was to contribute to the enduring intelligence of India through meaningful interaction with joyous, young minds.
APJ Abdul Kalam ’Ignited Minds’- CUET (UG) - 2024
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- Read the passage carefully and answer the question given below by selecting the correct option:
Five a Day
A new study backs up the long-standing nutritional guideline that consuming five daily servings of a variety of fruits and vegetables is linked to longevity. People who daily consumed specifically two fruits and three vegetables had a 12 per cent lower risk of death from car- diovascular disease, a 10 per cent lower risk from cancer, and a 35 per cent lower risk from respiratory disease, compared with people who ate just two daily servings.
One ’serving’ is 125 millilitres of any vegetables or fruits, or 250 millilitres of salad greens. You get the same beneficial vitamins, minerals and fibre in both, but vegetables are lower in calories and sugar, which is why the guidelines recommend higher consumption levels for them. The findings included two studies of more than 1,00,000 American men and women who were followed for up to 30 years. Those studies were then added to 24 other studies from across the globe to conduct one large meta-analysis on more than 1.8 million participants. Variety is the key, because different fruits and vegetables contain different beneficial nutrients and antioxidants. Almost all fruits and vegetables were associated with lower mortality, but there were exceptions. Fruit juices and starchy vegetables such as peas, corn, and potatoes were not associated with reduced risk of death or chronic diseases. It may be due to their higher glycaemic load.
Your five daily servings can be met from a variety of fresh, frozen or canned fruits and vegetables, whether conventional or organic. Whichever options are available, affordable, and appealing are good choices.
Studies show that freezing and canning preserves nutrients, which makes these foods even more nutrient-dense than their fresh counterparts. They are good options for people whose barriers to consuming enough servings per day include the high cost, low access, poor quality and lack of variety of fresh fruits and vegetables.- CUET (UG) - 2024
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- Read the passage and answer the question given below by selecting the correct option:
A recent study by researchers from Basel University and Munich Technical University challenges prior beliefs about the influence of different light colours on the human body’s internal clock and sleep-wake rhythm. Unlike a previous study conducted on mice, this one suggests,
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Vision involves a complex process of perceiving various light wavelengths as colours and brightness in the brain. Photoreceptors in the retina convert light into electrical impulses, transmitted to ganglion cells in the retina and to the visual cortex in the brain. Specialised ganglion cells play a significant role in the internal clock, being sensitive to short-wavelength light at around 490 nanometers, perceived as blue. When activated by short-wavelength light, these cells signal “it’s daytime” to the internal clock.
To explore the influence of light colour on the internal clock, the researchers exposed 16 healthy volunteers to blueish or yellowish light stimuli for one hour in late evening with a white light stimulus as a control condition. The light stimuli were designed to selectively activate the colour-sensitive cones in the retina, while maintaining consistent stimulation of the light-sensitive ganglion cells in all conditions. This allowed the researchers to directly check effects of light on the respective cone stimulation and, the colour of the light.
Contrary to the findings in mice, the study suggests that the colour of light, as encoded by the cones, may not significantly influence the human internal clock and sleep-wake rhythm. The current research contradicts the earlier finding that yellowish light had a stronger influence on the internal clock than blueish light. The results, published in “Nature Human Behaviour”, imply that while light intensity and exposure duration remain crucial factors, the colour of light may not play as significant a role in influencing sleep and circadian rhythms as previously believed.- CUET (UG) - 2024
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- NMAT - 2022
- Commercial Maths
- Directions: Go through the given table and solve the questions based on it
State
Total Population
(in Lakhs)Male Population
(in Lakhs)Rural Population
(\(\%\))Area
(in Sq. Km)2001 2006 2001 2006 2001 2006 Uttar Pradesh 1660 1731 875 911 71 70 2,38,576 Madhya Pradesh 603 674 314 360 72 71 3,08,144 Andhra Pradesh 761 823 385 417 69 68 2,75,068 Tamil Nadu 624 697 315 348 70 67 1,30,058 Orissa 368 384 186 195 73 72 1,55,707 Maharashtra 968 1013 504 527 68 66 3,07,713 West Bengal 802 865 412 446 69 68 88,752 - NMAT - 2022
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Ajay would do five tasks: A, B, C, D and E, starting at 9:00 a.m. A is the first task and takes 2 hours. B can be done after A is complete and requires 1 hour. Work on C, which would take 1 hour, can start only after A and B are completed. Ajay can do task D along with B and C, and would take 3 hours. Activity E, with duration of 1 hour, can start upon completion of A, B, C and D.- NMAT - 2022
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