Describe any two areas of co-operation and any two reasons for conflicts between India and Pakistan.
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Solution and Explanation
• Indus Waters Treaty (1960): Brokerage by the World Bank, the treaty successfully allocated water sharing of the Indus river system. Remarkably, this framework has survived multiple military conflicts and wars between both nations.
• Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) and Border Diplomacy: Both nations have instituted agreements to prevent accidental nuclear conflict, such as advance notifications of missile tests, operationalization of the 'Hotline' between Directors General of Military Operations (DGMO), and opening border points for trade and pilgrimages (e.g., Kartarpur Corridor). Two Reasons for Conflict:
• Kashmir Territorial Dispute: The political status and territorial division of Jammu & Kashmir remains the primary source of conflict, triggering major conventional wars (1947–48, 1965, 1999) and military standoffs.
• Cross-Border Terrorism: India faces persistent security threats from state-sponsored and non-state terrorist organizations operating from Pakistani soil (e.g., attacks on Indian Parliament in 2001, Mumbai 26/11 attacks in 2008, Pathankot, and Pulwama attacks).
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Statement-I: Nepal was a Hindu Kingdom in the past and then a constitutional monarchy in the modern period for many years.
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Match the terms given in Column-A correctly with Column-B and choose the correct answer from the codes given below:
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Choose the correct option to fill in the blanks:
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