Question

The combination of mens rea and actus reus is essential, except in __________.

• A. Intentional homicide
• B. White-collar crime
• C. Strict liability offences
• D. Criminal conspiracy
• A. Maximum deterrence
• B. Retribution
• C. Rehabilitation
• D. Harsh sentencing
• A. Deterrent punishment
• B. Arbitrary sentencing against criminals
• C. Retrospective criminal liability
• D. Double jeopardy
• A. Critical criminology examines the social construction of deviance
• B. Classical school viewed punishment as a deterrent mechanism
• C. Victimology focuses on providing restitution to the offender
• D. Positivist school marks a shift towards rehabilitation of offender
• A. imprisonment
• B. freedom
• C. revolution
• D. restoration

Answer 1

The Correct Option is C

Step 1: Define mens rea and actus reus from the passage. The passage states that these "traditional elements of crime...remain crucial." \textit{Mens rea} is the guilty mind (intention), and \textit{actus reus} is the guilty act.

Step 2: Find the exception mentioned in the passage. The passage directly addresses this. It says, "However, strict liability offences and corporate crimes often challenge this binary." This indicates that strict liability offenses are an exception where the combination of a guilty mind and guilty act may not be required.

Step 3: Understand Strict Liability. In law, strict liability offenses are crimes for which a person can be held liable even without a guilty mind (mens rea). The mere act of committing the offense is enough for a conviction. These are usually public welfare offenses like traffic violations or food adulteration.

Answer 2

Step 1: Locate "restorative justice" in the passage. The second paragraph mentions "restorative justice" and states its aims.

Step 2: Read the aims described in the passage. The passage says, "It aims to reintegrate the offender and provide restitution to victims."

Step 3: Analyze the options based on this aim.
"Reintegrate the offender" is a core concept of rehabilitation—the process of helping an offender become a productive member of society again.
"Restitution to victims" focuses on repairing the harm done.
Deterrence, retribution, and harsh sentencing are characteristics of more punitive models of justice, which restorative justice seeks to move away from. The primary focus described aligns best with rehabilitation and repair, not punishment.

Answer 3

Step 1: Find the meaning of the maxim in the passage. The first paragraph explains the maxim: "Its foundational principle is \textit{nullum crimen sine lege, nulla poena sine lege}, stressing that there is no crime nor punishment without a pre-existing law."

Step 2: Understand the implication of this principle. If there can be no crime without a pre-existing law, it means that a person cannot be punished for an act that was not a crime at the time they committed it. You cannot create a law today and use it to punish someone for something they did yesterday.

Step 3: Match this implication to the options. This directly protects against retrospective criminal liability, which is the act of making something a crime retroactively.

Answer 4

Step 1: Verify each statement using the passage.
(A): The last sentence says, "This evolving discipline critiques...the social construction of deviance itself." This implies critical criminology examines this. The statement is true.
(B): The first paragraph says the Classical School "viewed punishment as a deterrent mechanism." This statement is true.
(D): The first paragraph says the Positivist School "shift[ed] from retributive justice to rehabilitative models." This statement is true.
(C): The second paragraph mentions that modern criminology aims to "provide restitution to victims." Victimology is the study of victims. Logically, restitution (compensation or repair) is provided \textit{to the victim}, not \textit{to the offender}. Therefore, this statement is not true.

Step 2: Conclude the false statement. The statement that is "not true" is (C).

Answer 5

Step 1: Locate the word in the passage. The second paragraph mentions "mass incarceration".

Step 2: Understand the context. The passage lists it alongside "penal populism" and "criminalization of poverty" as concerns of critical criminology. These are negative concepts related to the justice system and punishment.

Step 3: Define the word. The word "incarceration" comes from the Latin 'carcer', meaning 'jail' or 'prison'. To incarcerate someone means to put them in prison. Therefore, the meaning of incarceration is imprisonment.