Question

Analyse any two major problems of Indian politics from 1989 to 1999.

Hint:

Major developments of 1989--1999 in India: 1. End of Congress dominance & Coalition ERA. 2. Mandal issue (OBC Reservations). 3. New Economic Policy (1991 LPG reforms). 4. Ayodhya dispute Communal politics.

Answer 1

Concept: The period between 1989 and 1999 was a turbulent decade in Indian politics, marked by major structural shifts, political instability, and social transformations.

Step 1: Problem 1 --- Political Instability and Coalition Governments. The decade saw the end of single-party dominance (Congress system) and the rise of coalition politics. Frequent government collapses and frequent elections (1989, 1991, 1996, 1998, 1999) led to severe political uncertainty and administrative challenges.

Step 2: Problem 2 --- Mandal Issue and Rise of Communal Tensions. 1. Mandal Politics: Implementation of the Mandal Commission recommendations (27% reservation for OBCs) in 1990 led to widespread protests and violent anti-reservation agitations across northern India.
2. Communal Mobilization: The demolition of the Babri Masjid in December 1992 triggered widespread communal riots and polarising identity politics across the nation.