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At the fundamental level, the structural organisation of any lifeform including animals is the same. All lifeforms, currently living on the surface of the earth are made of cells. When the cells get together, they constitute tissue. Tissues in turn form the organs of the organism and higher organ systems are formed.
A cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of an organism. The cell components are mainly involved in various metabolic functions. To carry out these specialized functions the cells need specialized structures called cell organelles. Tissues can be described as an integrated group of cells that perform similar functions and possess a similar cellular structure. The tissues are a basic framework in multicellular animals. There are mainly four different types of tissues epithelial tissues, connective tissues, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. A collection of tissues forms an organ and a group of organs work in concert to perform a common function is called an organ system. The nervous system, circulatory system, respiratory system are a few examples of such organ systems in the human body
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Ques: __________ is an example of merocrine gland.
- Pineal Gland
- Sebaceous Gland
- Salivary gland
- None of the above
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Answer: C
Explanation: A cell can be classified as merocrine if the secretions of that cell are done through exocytosis from the secretory cells into the epithelial-walled duct(s) and then onto a bodily surface or lumen. The salivary gland is a major merocrine gland of the human body that secrets saliva via exocytosis.
Ques: A bone is a natural reservoir of _______________.
- Calcium
- Potassium
- Sodium
- Iron
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Answer: A
Explanation: The bone is the natural reservoir of calcium. Almost 99% of the body’s calcium is stored in the bones and the teeth. Calcium gives natural strength to the bone. A hormone named Parathyroid hormone maintains the level of calcium in the blood. It is also responsible for the deposition of calcium in the bones.
Ques: ____________ are the blood cells, responsible for carrying oxygen through the blood stream.
- Leucocytes
- Erythrocytes
- Platelets
- All of the above
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Answer: B
Explanation: Erythrocytes are responsible for carrying oxygen through the bloodstream. There is a pigment-protein called haemoglobin that binds with oxygen forming oxyhaemoglobin and carrying oxygen to the cells. Haemoglobin is also responsible for carrying carbon dioxide from different parts body to the lungs. Haemoglobin is an iron-containing metalloprotein found in vertebrates.
Ques: The chemical nature of antibody is _______________.
- Fats
- Foreign pathogens
- Proteins
- Actin
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Answer: C
Explanation: In terms of chemical nature, antibodies are made of proteins. An antibody is composed of four peptides chains, two of them are light chains while are two are called heavy chains, giving them a Y-shaped structure. These antibodies recognize unique parts of antigens. Each tip of the Y-shaped antibody contains a paratope which is analogous to the epitope region of the antigen.
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Ques: Antigens are typically found in ________________.
- Plasma
- Cell surface
- Nuclear Membrane
- None of the above
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Answer: B
Explanation: autoantigens are a kind of antigens that are produced by the host itself. These are also called cell surface antigens. They serve as monograms to help identify and classify the cell types. Most of them are found to be associated with the cell’s plasma membrane and unique to different cell types. They are also used as cell markers.
Ques: What is the name of the enzyme needed for muscle contraction?
- Actin
- Trypsin
- ATPase
- None of the above
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Answer: C
Explanation: The enzyme associated with muscle contraction is ATPase. The motion of the muscle contraction as myosin heads bind to actin and pull inward. It is an ATP dependent process. Here, ATP is hydrolysed to ADP and inorganic phosphate. This conversion needs the enzyme action of ATPase.
Ques: Radiation tends to cause more damage to the cancer cells than the normal cells, because__________
- Cancer cells do not multiply often
- Cancer cells have less access to nutrition
- The cellular structure of the cancer cells is much weaker
- Cancer cells undergo fast divisions
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Answer: D
Explanation: Radiation exerts its effect on the cells by damaging the DNA of the cell. Thus, radiation is much more effective on the dividing cells. As the cancer cells are rapidly dividing, they are more vulnerable to radiation than the normal cells of the body. Apart from that they also do not repair the DNA damage effectively as the normal cells.
Ques: The soft tissue found inside the bones is called ___________
- Bone marrow
- Cartilage
- Bone effusion
- None of the above
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Answer: a
Explanation: Bone marrow is the spongy, soft, gelatinous tissue that is found in the hollow interior of the bones. It contains the stem cells for various blood cells including erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. Bone marrow comprises almost 5% of the total body mass of an adult. It is generally located in ribs, vertebrae, sternum and pelvic bones.
Ques: The basement membrane is derived from__________________.
- Ectoderm
- Epidermis and connective tissue
- Endoderm
- Myosin
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Answer: b
Explanation: Basement membrane is a specialized extracellular matrix that forms the supporting structure on which the epidermal and endothelial cells can grow. It has been also found to be surrounding muscle and fat cells and the Schwan cells of the peripheral nerves. It provides the cells with mechanical support and it also influences the cell behaviour.
Ques: Which of the following white blood cells transform into macrophages?
- Monocytes
- Basophils
- Neutrophils
- Lymphocytes
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Answer: a
Explanation: Monocytes are the cells from which the macrophages develop in the bone marrow. Monocytes develop from the precursor cells under influence of a stimulating factor called granulocyte-macrophage- colony-stimulating factor. Later these monocytes enter the tissue where they get modified into macrophages. These are specialized cells responsible for the detection and phagocytosis of bacteria.
Ques: Tendons connect
- Ligaments to muscle
- Muscles to bones
- Bones to bones
- Ligament to bones
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Answer: b.
Explanation: Tendon is a kind of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. these are located at the end of each muscle. Thus, they are found throughout the body. These are high tensile, tough bands of connective tissue chiefly made up of collagen. They can transmit the mechanical force generated by muscle contraction to the skeletal system without losing the capacity to withstand the tension.
Ques: The winter sleep in grog is generally called__________
- Hibernation
- Mimicry
- Camouflage
- Aestivation
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Answer: a
Explanation: Hibernation is a common response to the cold temperature showcased by various organisms including the frogs. They seek someplace for their hibernation where they ‘sleep away’ the entire winter. When the temperature goes below freezing temperature the body temperature of these frogs also goes below freezing. Even ice crystals may form in some organs. However, they protect their important organs by having a high amount of glucose which is an anti-freeze substance.
Ques: ____________ epithelium is found in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) of the nephron in the kidney.
- Squamish
- Cuboidal
- Columnar
- Ciliated
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Answer: b
Explanation: Simple brush border cuboidal epithelium is found in the inner lining of the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney. These cells along with the presence of microvilli increase the surface area of the reabsorption so that more reabsorption can take place in PCT. This is crucial for reabsorption in the kidney.
Ques: _____________ make up for more than half of the neural tissue in human body.
- Neurons
- Neuroglia
- Plasma membrane
- Adjacent neurones
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Answer: b
Explanation: Neuroglia is several types of cells that are found in the nervous system that function to support the neurons. They are also known as glial cells. The main function of the neuroglial cells is to protect and maintain the optimum functioning of the nervous system. They also provide nourishment to the neurons.
Ques: Cardiac muscles are _____________.
- Smooth and voluntary
- Striated and involuntary
- Smooth and involuntary
- None of the above
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Answer: b
Explanation: cardiac muscle is striated and involuntary. It is similar to the skeletal muscle but differs by exhibiting rhythmic contractions and not under any voluntary control. This rhythmic contraction is controlled by the sinoatrial node (SA) which is the natural pacemaker of the heart. They are connected end-to-end by intercalated disks and organized into layers to wrap around the heart chamber.
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