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Comprehension
The questions are to be answered on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. Choose the most appropriate response that accurately and completely answer the question.
Great Pacific Garbage Patch, a zone in the Pacific Ocean between Hawaii and California that has a high concentration of plastic waste. The extent of the patch has been compared to the U.S. State of Texas or Alaska or even to the country of Afghanistan.
Garbage that reaches the ocean from the west coast of the United States and from the east coast of Japan is carried by currents – including the California Current, the North Equatorial Current, the North Pacific Current, and the Kuroshio – into the North Pacific subtropical gyre, the clockwise rotation of which draws in and traps solid matter such as plastics. Some 80 percent of the plastics in the garbage patch come from the land. It takes years for debris to travel from the coasts to the gyre, and as it is carried along, photodegradation causes the plastics to break down into tiny, nearly invisible bits. While there are some larger objects that come from ships and offshore oil rigs, the garbage patch could more accurately be described as a soup of microplastics. The dimensions and depth of the patch are continuously changing.
Scientists had been aware of the growing problem of plastic debris in the world’s oceans since the late 1980s. However, the Great Pacific Garbage Patch came to public attention only after 1997, when yachtsman Charles Moore, returning home after participating in the biennial Transpacific Race, chose a route that took him through the North Pacific subtropical gyre. He found himself traversing a sea of plastics. When he returned to the area the following year, he discovered that the patch had grown in both extent and density. Moore began making speeches and writing articles – notably a 2003 essay in Natural History magazine – and he changed the mission of the Algalita Research Foundation, which he had founded in 1994 to improve water quality along California’s coast. The organization now focuses on studying and publicizing the problem of plastics in oceans, in particular in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. A 2006 series of articles in the Los Angeles Times about the garbage patch won a Pulitzer Prize and raised general awareness of the problem.
In 2015 and 2016, the Dutch-based organization Ocean Cleanup found that the density of the debris in the garbage patch was much greater than expected and that the plastics absorbed pollutants, making them poisonous to marine life. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is the best known of several such zones, others of which exist in the Atlantic and Indian oceans.
Great Pacific Garbage Patch, a zone in the Pacific Ocean between Hawaii and California that has a high concentration of plastic waste. The extent of the patch has been compared to the U.S. State of Texas or Alaska or even to the country of Afghanistan.
Garbage that reaches the ocean from the west coast of the United States and from the east coast of Japan is carried by currents – including the California Current, the North Equatorial Current, the North Pacific Current, and the Kuroshio – into the North Pacific subtropical gyre, the clockwise rotation of which draws in and traps solid matter such as plastics. Some 80 percent of the plastics in the garbage patch come from the land. It takes years for debris to travel from the coasts to the gyre, and as it is carried along, photodegradation causes the plastics to break down into tiny, nearly invisible bits. While there are some larger objects that come from ships and offshore oil rigs, the garbage patch could more accurately be described as a soup of microplastics. The dimensions and depth of the patch are continuously changing.
Scientists had been aware of the growing problem of plastic debris in the world’s oceans since the late 1980s. However, the Great Pacific Garbage Patch came to public attention only after 1997, when yachtsman Charles Moore, returning home after participating in the biennial Transpacific Race, chose a route that took him through the North Pacific subtropical gyre. He found himself traversing a sea of plastics. When he returned to the area the following year, he discovered that the patch had grown in both extent and density. Moore began making speeches and writing articles – notably a 2003 essay in Natural History magazine – and he changed the mission of the Algalita Research Foundation, which he had founded in 1994 to improve water quality along California’s coast. The organization now focuses on studying and publicizing the problem of plastics in oceans, in particular in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. A 2006 series of articles in the Los Angeles Times about the garbage patch won a Pulitzer Prize and raised general awareness of the problem.
In 2015 and 2016, the Dutch-based organization Ocean Cleanup found that the density of the debris in the garbage patch was much greater than expected and that the plastics absorbed pollutants, making them poisonous to marine life. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is the best known of several such zones, others of which exist in the Atlantic and Indian oceans.
Question: 1
Select the appropriate option to complete the sentence.
The word ‘Great’ in the name ‘Great Pacific Garbage Patch’ alludes to the ______ .
Select the appropriate option to complete the sentence.
The word ‘Great’ in the name ‘Great Pacific Garbage Patch’ alludes to the ______ .
The word ‘Great’ in the name ‘Great Pacific Garbage Patch’ alludes to the ______ .
Updated On: Aug 4, 2024
- vastness of the ocean
- magnitude of the issue
- uniqueness of the location of the garbage patch
- extent of the garbage patch
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The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
The correct option is (D): extent of the garbage patch.
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Question: 2
Which is the contextual clue that best helps us understand the meaning of ‘gyre’?
Which is the contextual clue that best helps us understand the meaning of ‘gyre’?
Updated On: Aug 4, 2024
- continuously changing
- carried along
- clockwise rotation
- invisible bits
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The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
The correct option is (C): clockwise rotation.
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Question: 3
Select the appropriate option to fill the blank.
The ‘photo’ in photodegradation points to the role of ___________ in the degradation of the plastic.
Select the appropriate option to fill the blank.
The ‘photo’ in photodegradation points to the role of ___________ in the degradation of the plastic.
The ‘photo’ in photodegradation points to the role of ___________ in the degradation of the plastic.
Updated On: Aug 4, 2024
- water
- sun
- type of plastic
- duration of plastic at coast
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The Correct Option is B
Solution and Explanation
The correct option is (B): sun.
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Question: 4
Which of the given literary devices does the writer use in the line, ‘He found himself traversing a sea of plastics.’ ?
Which of the given literary devices does the writer use in the line, ‘He found himself traversing a sea of plastics.’ ?
Updated On: Aug 4, 2024
- pun
- symbolism
- irony
- imagery
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The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
The correct option is (D): imagery.
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Question: 5
Select the option that displays a title likely to belong to an article of the 2006 series.
Select the option that displays a title likely to belong to an article of the 2006 series.
Updated On: Aug 4, 2024
- Marine Life Conservation
- Trash to Infiltrate the Food Chain
- Marine Debris and Trash
- Ocean Cleanups Around the World
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The Correct Option is B
Solution and Explanation
The correct option is (B): Trash to Infiltrate the Food Chain.
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Question: 6
Which of the following assumptions is/are necessary to conclude that plastic waste emerging from land would be the smallest in size as it accumulates in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch ?
Which of the following assumptions is/are necessary to conclude that plastic waste emerging from land would be the smallest in size as it accumulates in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch ?
Updated On: Aug 4, 2024
- Extent of photodegradation is inversely related to time spent by plastic in oceanic water.
- Plastic waste emerging from land and other sources are of somewhat equivalent sizes at the source of origin.
- Both (a) and (b)
- Neither (a) nor (b)
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The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
The correct option is (D): Neither (a) nor (b).
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Question: 7
A researcher showed that for every thousand kilometres a piece of plastic travels through oceanic water, it breaks down into 100 pieces. Each of those pieces would then also break down into 100 more pieces upon traveling a thousand kilometres. This phenomenon is analogically equivalent to _____ .
A researcher showed that for every thousand kilometres a piece of plastic travels through oceanic water, it breaks down into 100 pieces. Each of those pieces would then also break down into 100 more pieces upon traveling a thousand kilometres. This phenomenon is analogically equivalent to _____ .
Updated On: Aug 4, 2024
- Reproduction of amoeba - each amoeba splits into two in a certain period of time; which then again split into two in the same period of time.
- A train locomotive accumulating two coaches at each station it crosses.
- Case-load of a Court increasing as a result of more fresh cases being filed every day compared to cases being disposed in the same day.
- All the above
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The Correct Option is A
Solution and Explanation
The correct option is (A): Reproduction of amoeba - each amoeba splits into two in a certain period of time; which then again split into two in the same period of time..
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Question: 8
It was found that between two pieces of plastic, the lighter one travels at twice the speed of the heavier one. If there are ten pieces of plastic (each with a different weight) that start from the same geographical location, the speed of the fastest piece would X times the speed of the slowest piece. X is
It was found that between two pieces of plastic, the lighter one travels at twice the speed of the heavier one. If there are ten pieces of plastic (each with a different weight) that start from the same geographical location, the speed of the fastest piece would X times the speed of the slowest piece. X is
Updated On: Aug 4, 2024
- 10
- 2 × 10 = 20
- 2 × 9 = 18
- 29 = 512
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The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
The correct option is (D): 29 = 512.
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Question: 9
Theoretically, filtering out all plastics from water bodies flowing into the sea and preventing direct disposal of any plastic from land into sea would
Theoretically, filtering out all plastics from water bodies flowing into the sea and preventing direct disposal of any plastic from land into sea would
Updated On: Aug 4, 2024
- Eliminate the Great Pacific Garbage Patch over a sufficiently long time period.
- Stop the growth of the size and depth of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch over a sufficiently long time period.
- Stop the speed of growth of the size and depth of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch over a sufficiently long time period.
- All the above
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The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
The correct option is (C): Stop the speed of growth of the size and depth of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch over a sufficiently long time period..
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Question: 10
A teacher wants to demonstrate the futility of Ocean Cleanup. She believes that unless plastic-removal is faster than plastic-accrual, the overall size and depth of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch would stay stagnant or may even increase. Which of the following analogies can she draw to drive home her argument ?
A teacher wants to demonstrate the futility of Ocean Cleanup. She believes that unless plastic-removal is faster than plastic-accrual, the overall size and depth of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch would stay stagnant or may even increase. Which of the following analogies can she draw to drive home her argument ?
Updated On: Aug 4, 2024
- A filled bucket eventually empties as a result of an open outlet at the bottom of the bucket.
- Water level in a partially filled bucket with an outlet at its bottom rises if the amount of water coming through the inlet is faster than the amount of water that goes out through the outlet.
- Water level in a partially filled bucket with an outlet at its bottom goes down if the amount of water coming through the inlet is slower than the amount of water that goes out through the outlet.
- Both (b) and (c)
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The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
The correct option is (D): Both (b) and (c).
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Question: 11
From the passage, it is clear that both plastic accumulation and oceanic pollution are negatively affecting marine life. As a scientist, you conduct a series of experiments to determine the extent (if any) of their contribution to degradation of marine life. The details of the experiments and their results are below :- Check if plastic accumulation in sterile, non-polluting conditions affects marine life. It turns out that marine life is negatively affected. The measurement of the effect is X units.
- Separately, check if any kind of pollution in some non-plastic environment affects marine life. It turns out that marine life is not affected at all.
- Separately, check if pollution absorbed by accumulated plastic affects marine life. It turns out that marine life is negatively affected. The measurement of the effect is 2X units.
What, if anything, can be concluded from the experiment ?
From the passage, it is clear that both plastic accumulation and oceanic pollution are negatively affecting marine life. As a scientist, you conduct a series of experiments to determine the extent (if any) of their contribution to degradation of marine life. The details of the experiments and their results are below :
- Check if plastic accumulation in sterile, non-polluting conditions affects marine life. It turns out that marine life is negatively affected. The measurement of the effect is X units.
- Separately, check if any kind of pollution in some non-plastic environment affects marine life. It turns out that marine life is not affected at all.
- Separately, check if pollution absorbed by accumulated plastic affects marine life. It turns out that marine life is negatively affected. The measurement of the effect is 2X units.
Updated On: Aug 4, 2024
- Pollution is always dangerous to marine life.
- Pollution is dangerous for marine life only if it takes place in an environment where plastic has accumulated.
- Plastic accumulation poses no threat in a non-polluted environment.
- None of the above conclusions can be drawn.
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The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
The correct option is (D): None of the above conclusions can be drawn.
.
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Question: 12
It is found in a series of experiments that big pieces of plastic (defined as being larger than 100cm2 in size) take T amount of time to break into halves due to photodegradation, and smaller pieces of plastic (defined as being smaller than 10cm2 in size) take \(\frac T3\) amount of time to break into halves due to photodegradation, which of the following is correct ?
It is found in a series of experiments that big pieces of plastic (defined as being larger than 100cm2 in size) take T amount of time to break into halves due to photodegradation, and smaller pieces of plastic (defined as being smaller than 10cm2 in size) take \(\frac T3\) amount of time to break into halves due to photodegradation, which of the following is correct ?
Updated On: Aug 4, 2024
- Rate of photodegradation is inversely related to size of original piece of plastic.
- Rate of photodegradation is directly related to size of original piece of plastic.
- Rate of photodegradation is independent of size of original piece of plastic.
- Rate of photodegradation is not dependent on any factor other than size of original piece of plastic.
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The Correct Option is A
Solution and Explanation
The correct option is (A): Rate of photodegradation is inversely related to size of original piece of plastic..
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Top Questions on Reading Comprehension
- Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed human life with innovations ranging from personalized recommendations to breakthroughs in healthcare and education. Despite these advances, experts warn about AI’s potential destructiveness if left unchecked. Au- tonomous systems, such as self-driving cars, could cause accidents due to unforeseen errors. Additionally, AI-powered surveillance systems pose risks to privacy and civil liberties, as governments and corporations might misuse them to monitor individuals.
One of the gravest concerns is the development of autonomous weapons, which could make life-and-death decisions without human oversight, leading to ethical dilemmas and potential large-scale harm. Furthermore, AI systems can perpetuate biases, resulting in unfair outcomes in hiring, credit allocation, and judicial decisions.
Efforts to address these concerns include the formulation of ethical guidelines, the promotion of transparency in AI systems, and the regulation of AI applications. Collab- oration between policymakers, technologists, and ethicists is crucial to ensure AI remains a force for good. However, as AI continues to evolve rapidly, striking a balance between innovation and responsibility remains an ongoing challenge.- CAT - 2024
- Verbal Ability & Reading Comprehension (VARC)
- Reading Comprehension
- As the weather changes, everyone is prone to colds and coughs. While we have all heard about the benefits of vitamin C for colds, few of us are aware of a secret solution– Zinc! Zinc is helpful as it can reduce the severity and duration of respiratory tract infections. It soothes sore throats with its anti-inflammatory properties. It plays a pivotal role in supporting various functions of the body like the immune system, wound healing and maintaining overall health. It prevents viruses from growing in the body. Zinc is also known to boost the immune system and fight infections. Notably, zinc is a vital mineral found in a variety of plant and animal foods. When consuming zinc-rich foods during a cough and cold, prioritise moderation and diversity in your diet. Include lean meats, poultry, sea food, dairy, nuts and seeds. Combine zinc-rich foods with vitamin C sources for enhanced immune support. Phytates, a substance found in unprocessed whole grains hinder the absorption of zinc, thereby making it less avail able for the body to utilise. Hence, vegetarians should follow some cooking techniques such as soaking them for 5-6 hours to reduce the phytate content and increase the bioavailability of zinc. Organic acids in fermented foods aid in higher absorption, so always include foods in your diet like buttermilk and yogurt along with some zinc-rich vegetarian sources. It is important to remember that a higher dosage of zinc supplement inhibits the absorption of other minerals. Therefore, it is always good to check with the healthcare professionals while taking supplements. Stay hydrated, choose cooking methods that preserve zinc, and be aware of factors like phytates affecting absorption.
- CUET (UG) - 2024
- English
- Reading Comprehension
- Read the passage carefully and answer the question given below by selecting the correct option:
On September 30, 2001, I (Dr APJ Abdul Kalam) found myself on a journey from Ranchi to Bokaro in Jharkhand. The helicopter carrying me crashed just before landing, its engine failing with a thud upon impact. Miraculously, all on board escaped unharmed. Grateful to God, I proceeded with my scheduled programme in Bokaro, unfazed by the incident. That night, doctors suggested a tranquilliser to ease perceived shock, leading to an early and disturbed sleep, filled with contemplation.
Amidst this intense dream, I stood in a moonlit desert with five revered figures: Mahatma Gandhi, Albert Einstein, Emperor Asoka, Abraham Lincoln, and Caliph Omar. Asoka’s reflection on the Kalinga war symbolised a shift from conquest to compassion, inspiring a doctrine of non-violence, Ahimsa Dharma.
In this profound dream-conversation, these figures shared wisdom on humanity’s deep divisions caused by violence. They emphasised peace, equality, and the significance of ethical values in human consciousness. Asoka, having witnessed the consequences of his victories, highlighted the futility of causing suffering and the triumph of a peaceful kingdom.
Awakening from this vivid dream, I contemplated the contrasting forces of good and destruction in the world. The challenges faced by humanity, from conflicts to natural disasters and terrorism, prompted deep reflection. Yet, despite these challenges, I held a determined belief
in finding an everlasting solution.
Motivated by this dream and a desire to contribute to the greater good, I made a significant decision. Shifting focus from my scientific career, awards, and teams, I aimed to discover India’s true essence in its children. This marked a transcendence of personal achievements, emphasising the importance of nurturing enlightened individuals and fostering the inner, higher self in the youth. My commitment was to contribute to the enduring intelligence of India through meaningful interaction with joyous, young minds.
APJ Abdul Kalam ’Ignited Minds’- CUET (UG) - 2024
- English
- Reading Comprehension
- Read the passage carefully and answer the question given below by selecting the correct option:
Five a Day
A new study backs up the long-standing nutritional guideline that consuming five daily servings of a variety of fruits and vegetables is linked to longevity. People who daily consumed specifically two fruits and three vegetables had a 12 per cent lower risk of death from car- diovascular disease, a 10 per cent lower risk from cancer, and a 35 per cent lower risk from respiratory disease, compared with people who ate just two daily servings.
One ’serving’ is 125 millilitres of any vegetables or fruits, or 250 millilitres of salad greens. You get the same beneficial vitamins, minerals and fibre in both, but vegetables are lower in calories and sugar, which is why the guidelines recommend higher consumption levels for them. The findings included two studies of more than 1,00,000 American men and women who were followed for up to 30 years. Those studies were then added to 24 other studies from across the globe to conduct one large meta-analysis on more than 1.8 million participants. Variety is the key, because different fruits and vegetables contain different beneficial nutrients and antioxidants. Almost all fruits and vegetables were associated with lower mortality, but there were exceptions. Fruit juices and starchy vegetables such as peas, corn, and potatoes were not associated with reduced risk of death or chronic diseases. It may be due to their higher glycaemic load.
Your five daily servings can be met from a variety of fresh, frozen or canned fruits and vegetables, whether conventional or organic. Whichever options are available, affordable, and appealing are good choices.
Studies show that freezing and canning preserves nutrients, which makes these foods even more nutrient-dense than their fresh counterparts. They are good options for people whose barriers to consuming enough servings per day include the high cost, low access, poor quality and lack of variety of fresh fruits and vegetables.- CUET (UG) - 2024
- English
- Reading Comprehension
- Read the passage and answer the question given below by selecting the correct option:
A recent study by researchers from Basel University and Munich Technical University challenges prior beliefs about the influence of different light colours on the human body’s internal clock and sleep-wake rhythm. Unlike a previous study conducted on mice, this one suggests,
that light colour may be less critical for the internal clock than originally thought.
Vision involves a complex process of perceiving various light wavelengths as colours and brightness in the brain. Photoreceptors in the retina convert light into electrical impulses, transmitted to ganglion cells in the retina and to the visual cortex in the brain. Specialised ganglion cells play a significant role in the internal clock, being sensitive to short-wavelength light at around 490 nanometers, perceived as blue. When activated by short-wavelength light, these cells signal “it’s daytime” to the internal clock.
To explore the influence of light colour on the internal clock, the researchers exposed 16 healthy volunteers to blueish or yellowish light stimuli for one hour in late evening with a white light stimulus as a control condition. The light stimuli were designed to selectively activate the colour-sensitive cones in the retina, while maintaining consistent stimulation of the light-sensitive ganglion cells in all conditions. This allowed the researchers to directly check effects of light on the respective cone stimulation and, the colour of the light.
Contrary to the findings in mice, the study suggests that the colour of light, as encoded by the cones, may not significantly influence the human internal clock and sleep-wake rhythm. The current research contradicts the earlier finding that yellowish light had a stronger influence on the internal clock than blueish light. The results, published in “Nature Human Behaviour”, imply that while light intensity and exposure duration remain crucial factors, the colour of light may not play as significant a role in influencing sleep and circadian rhythms as previously believed.- CUET (UG) - 2024
- English
- Reading Comprehension
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- If in a certain code LIGHT is NFLAE, then TABLE would be ____
- AILET BALLB (Hons.) - 2024
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- Joseph must decide which songs - A, B, C, D, and E - to sing in a 5-day performance schedule, with each song being performed only on one day, in accordance with the following conditions:
I. C and D must not be scheduled on adjacent days.
II. B may immediately follow E, but not vice-versa.
III. The first day must either be A or C.
IV. The last day cannot be D.
If B is the mid-point of the performance schedule, which of the following is a valid 5-day schedule? - “All paintings jump. Some paintings are plants. All basketballs are plants.” Dragon is a plant that jumps. Which of the following is true?
- Statements: Young adults spend most of their time on social media. Young adults should spend more time making connections in the real world.
Conclusions
I. Young Adults should avoid social media.
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